The Brain
There are _____ layers of brain tissue.
What is 3 (Superficial to deep, they are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.)
33 vertebrae are divided into 5 sections called...
What is cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
These factors can interfere with a GCS assessment...
This must be removed along with the removal of a football helmet...
What are shoulder pads.
The symptoms of ICP are...
What are widening pulse pressures, bradycardia, and irregular respirations, aka Cushings Triad.
Two major requirements that the brain needs to function properly are...
What are oxygen and glucose
The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint and iis made up of the...
What are the C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) vertebra.
What is an appropriate GCS for this PT: When you arrive on-scene to a PT's home and they are looking around. In response to your questions, they tell you their correct name, that they are at a concert, the year is 1960 (it is actually 2024), and they follow commands to open their mouth and stick out their tongue.
What is GCS 14 (E4-spontaneous, V4-confused, M6-obeying)
C-Spine immobilization is indicated when MOI/pre-existing condition imply a potential need, as well as the presence of any of the following...
What are: altered/intoxicated, midline cervical pain/tenderness, reduced CMS/Neurologic deficits, presence of distracting injury, barriers to evaluation (ex. language, developmental barrier)
Symptoms of skull fractures include:
What are: Battles Sign, Periorbital Ecchymosis, presence of CSF, Cranial Nerve Palsy, and/or Skull Deformities
Two examples of brain injuries that are incompatible with life are...
What is complete decapitation and catastrophic/extensive brain injury.
Three spinal cord functions are...
What is send motor commands to body, send sensory information to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.
What is an appropriate GCS for this PT: When you arrive on-scene to a PT's home for a fall down stairs. The PT is laying on the floor with eyes closed and doesn't open them when spoken to. Peripheral stimulus causes PT's eyes to open. In response to questions, the PT groans and moans. The PT doesn't obey motor commands. Central stimulus causes PT to flex as they withdraw from the stimulus.
What is GCS 8 (E2-open to stimulus, V2-incomprehensible, M4-withdrawal)
GAP stands for what in GAP Alert? (antiquated but you still may run into this...)
What is Geriatric or Anticoagulated Pathway. (Used for PT's aged 65+, on thinners, and hit head.)
The two types of posturing are....
What is Decorticate (flexion) and Decerebrate (extension) posturing.
The difference between stroke and an ruptured aneurysm is...
What is a stroke is lack of perfusion and an aneurysm is rupture of a blood vessel causing bleeding.
Cord injuries above the level of T-8 removes the PT's ability to show symptoms of tenderness, rigidity and guarding which can hide ________ injuries.
What is abdominal
What is the lowest score possible in a GCS assessment?
What is GCS 3 (Eyes do not open, no verbal response, and no motor response).
This device MUST be used in all severe TBI patients to manage eucapnea and avoid hyper or hypoventilation.
What is EtCO2
Two types of amnesia that may occur following brain injury are...
What is retrograde amnesia (loss of memory prior to injury) and anterograde amnesia (loss of memory after injury).
The _______ assesses eyes, verbal and motor ability of a patient.
What is Glasgow Coma Scale
Spinal cord function is divided with the posterior region responsible for _______ function and the anterior region responsible with _______ functions.
What is sensory (posterior region) and motor (anterior region).
The three "best response" choices for the three GCS components are...
What is spontaneous for eyes, orientated for verbal, and obeys commands for motor.
Proper fluid therapy in cases of brain injury is given to maintain PT's at what Systolic Blood Pressure?
What is >90 systolic in ages 10+ and >70 systolic in ages under 10.
Injuries of brain and spinal cord commonly have delayed symptoms, which typically start to present ______ hours later.
What is 24-48.