Language
Name the hypothesis that claims there are high level ubiquitous principles of language that allow for variation at the local level. For an extra 50 points provide an analogy we used from class to understand this theory.
What is the universal grammar hypothesis?
Jukebox analogy
The difference between the function used to explain inverse optics and that used to explain forward optics
What is the the inverse optics function is not well specified?
Six features of mental modules
Fast
Mandatory
Domain-specific
Encapsulated
Inaccessible
Discretely localized
A Turing machine that can compute any computable function and any computable algorithm.
Universal Turing machine or maximally powerful and maximally flexible.
3 features of appraisal programs
What are stimulus, appraisal program, effector program.
Name two features of language that are exhibited by sign language learners in Nicaragua.
What are combinatoric patterning (manner +path) and discreteness?
Bayesian inference solves the problem of...
What is the problem of inverse optics?
Any two of the four conceptions of innateness. Name additional conceptions for 50 points each.
Present at birth (beard innate & pres. @ birth)
Product of internal causes (beard requires air/external cause)
Genetically determined: solely caused by genes (beard requires air/external cause)
Genetically determined" High heritability/variation in trait explains variation in genes (many innate traits don't vary)
Reliably develops across most normal environments (belief that the sky is blue)
3 properties of algorithms
Finitely specifiable
Maps one set of symbols onto another (calculates a function)
Does not itself require intelligence
Four theories of emotion.
James-Lange (stimulus—>bodily response—> perception of body—>feeling)
Schachter-Singer (stimulus—> bodily response —> conscious interpretation of body—> feeling)
Standard Appraisal theory (stimulus—> conscious interpretation —> emotion effector program)
LeDoux's high road/low road (two roads, one standard appraisal theory, one short circuiting conscious interpretation stage)
Provide the two arguments for innateness of language (your answer need not be phrased as a question for this one)
What are
Universality (uniform complexity and universal acquisition in population)
Poverty of the stimulus
Name two problems with the inner picture theory of perception
Infinite regress
Perception doesn't work like a camera (it is far richer than a 2d image).
The five principles of physics babies know
Continuity
Solidity
Cohesiveness
Contact
Gravity
5 Primitives of computation
Unlimited tape
Read/write head
State memory
Transition table
List of symbols
An example of how the fear appraisal program works
Stimulus
Appraisal program
Effector program (cognitive, physiological, motoric, experiential, motivational changes)
Name any two of the four problems with the associationist view of language. Name the other two for 50 points each.
What are stimulus independence, novelty, productivity, and systematicity?
What are 3 of the 5 assumptions used in visual processing? For 50 points each, name the remaining two.
Straight line
Rigidity
Occlusion
Color from shadowing
Single overhead light
The method Gopnik used to study infant cognition, a challenge to this method, and a response
What are violation of expectation method, looking time doesn't indicate error detection, and Error Related Negativity (brain scan)?
Definition + example for both multiple realizability and multiple input-output equivalence
Multiple realizability: the same algorithm can be executed in multiple physical substrates.
Multiple input-output equivalence: the same function can be computed by multiple algorithms.
Problems with the three theories of emotion (other than LeDoux's high/low road model).
James-Lange: bodily response-->emotion function is not well specified
Schachter-Singer: can't explain how bodily response is generated in the first place
Standard Appraisal Theory: over-intellectualization, no access to reason for emotion, emotion despite contrary conscious reasons.