Psychologists
B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky, L.L. Thurstone, Howard Gardner, Robert Sternberg
Who are the important psychologists from this unit?
Mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
What is intelligence?
There are two ducks in front of a duck, two ducks behind a duck and a duck in the middle. How many ducks are there?
Three. Two ducks are in front of the last duck; the first duck has two ducks behind; one duck is between the other two.
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
What is Framing?
Learning
What other unit was Skinner seen in?
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent/match prototypes --> Enables us to make snap judgments
What is a Representative Heuristic?
Intelligence tests
How intelligence can be defined:
A man has 53 socks in his drawer: 21 identical blue, 15 identical black and 17 identical red. The lights are out and he is completely in the dark. How many socks must he take out to make 100 percent certain he has at least one pair of black socks?
40 socks
Tendency to favor individuals within our group over those outside of our group
What is In-Group Bias?
Universal Grammar: no dialect or language is more sophisticated than the other, we all have the ability to learn
What did Noam Chomsky theorize?
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
What is a prototype?
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
What is Savant Syndrome?
The day before two days after the day before tomorrow is Saturday. What day is it today?
Friday
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
What is General Intelligence?
Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment
What are Sternberg's five creativity components?
Explain the difference between convergent thinking & divergent thinking
CT: narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
DT: expands the number of possible problem solutions (thinking that diverges in different directions)
Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence, Practical intelligence
What are Sternberg's three intelligences?
There are three bags, each containing two marbles. Bag A contains two white marbles, Bag B contains two black marbles, and Bag C contains one white marble and one black marble. You pick a random bag and take out one marble, which is white. What is the probability that the remaining marble from the same bag is also white?
2 out of 3.
Explanation: You know you don’t have Bag B. But because Bag A has two white marbles, you could have picked either marble; if you think of it as four marbles in total from Bags A and C, three white and one black, you’ll have a greater chance of picking another white marble.
Weakest amount of stimulus that a person can distinguish from no stimulus at all
What is an Absolute Threshold?
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, number facility, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed
What are L.L. Thurstone's primary mental abilities?
Whorf's Hypothesis that language determines the way we think
What is Linguistic Determinism?
What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
A teacher writes six words on a board: “cat dog has max dim tag.” She gives three students, Harrison, Brandon, and Aidan, each a piece of paper with one letter from one of the words. Then she asks, “Harrison, do you know the word?” Harrison immediately replies yes. She asks, “Brandon, do you know the word?” He thinks for a moment and replies yes. Then she asks Aidan the same question. He thinks and then replies yes. What is the word?
Dog.
Explanation: Harrison knows right away because he has one of the unique letters that only appear once in all the words: c o h s x i. So, we know the word is not “tag.” All of these unique letters appear in different words, except for “h” and “s” in “has,” and Brandon can figure out what the word is from the unique letters that are left: t, g, h, s. This eliminates “max” and “dim.” Aidan can then narrow it down the same way. Because there is only one unique letter left, the letter “d,” the word must be “dog.”
What unit is Wilhelm Wundt from & what did he do?
Clinical psych; father of modern psychology, founded the first laboratory for psychological research