Cognition
A collection of knowledge and beliefs about some entity or situation (like "restaurant" or "job interview") that directs behavior and guides expectations is a/an...?
Schema
Iconic memory and echoic memory are two forms of...?
Sensory memory
Alzheimer's Disease
Achievement
Name two features of a normally distributed data set.
Working memory, impulse control, and cognitive flexibility are all examples of...?
Executive functions
Semantic encoding is a form of what "level" of processing?
Deep processing
The phenomenon when information never properly enters long-term memory because the initial processing was too shallow, distracted, or incomplete is called...?
Encoding failure
What is "g theory?"
G = general intelligence; the theory that there is one type of “general” intelligence that is at the heart of all our mental abilities and is therefore measured on every task on an intelligence test.
Test scores on the SAT and IQ tests do not directly reflect how many questions you got right, but rather how you performed in comparison to other test-takers. This is because these tests have undergone what process?
Standardization
A child from Alaska goes on vacation with his family to Arizona and sees a coyote for the first time. He exclaims, "look, a wolf!" What process is happening in his mind as he is classifying this new animal?
Assimilation
About how many "chunks"/items can be stored in working memory at a given time?
7-9
Your boss keeps calling you by the name of her old assistant, even though you've been her assistant for a month now. Your boss' error is likely due to...?
Proactive interference
What is the equation to calculate an IQ score?
(mental age / chronological age) x 100
Name and define one type of reliability that can be measured for a test.
Test-retest reliability: the consistency of a measure over time by administering the same test to the same group of individuals on two different occasions.
Split-half reliability: how well a test or questionnaire produces similar results from its two halves.
Someone asks you to guess the most common boys' name for people your age. You have two friends named Dylan, who come to mind right away, so you say "Dylan." What specific cognitive shortcut are you using?
The availability heuristic
Describe the Ebbinghaus curve/what it demonstrates about memory.
There is a big drop in retention shortly after you first learn something, but you get better retention with more sessions of repetition/rehearsal.
Inability to form new memories after the injury/disease is diagnosed as...?
Anterograde amnesia
The tendency for IQ scores to increase from generation to generation (at least in the 20th century) is known as...?
The Flynn Effect
The correlation between SAT scores and college GPA is stronger than the correlation between high school GPA and college GPA. This means that, compared with high school GPA, SAT scores have greater _____ for college GPA.
The inability to see new uses for objects, e.g. only seeing a paper clip as something to hold papers together, is known as...?
Functional fixedness
When you feel happy, you can recall happy memories more easily, but when you are sad, you can recall sad memories more easily. This phenomenon is known as...?
Mood-congruent memory
What is infantile amnesia?
The inability to recall accurately memories from ~0-3 years old later in life due to the brain not being fully developed.
Name and define the two main components of general intelligence.
Crystallized intelligence = our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases up to old age)
Fluid intelligence = our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, e.g. when solving novel logic problems (decreases in adulthood, esp. in your 80s)
The degree to which a test accurately measures the theoretical concept it's intended to measure is...?
Construct validity