Show:
Perception
Neuroscience
Attention
Short Term Memory
Research Studies
100
This is the assumption that light is coming from above, due to our experience with the sun.
What is the Light-from-above heuristic?
100
These specialized neural structures that respond to the environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.
What are receptors?
100
These are jerky eye movements that occurs during reading.
What are saccades?
100
The process of repeating a stimulus over and over that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory.
What is rehearsal?
100
Describe the Brown-Peterson Task.
Participants were presented with three letters, and then a number and asked to count backwards by three from that number for 3 or 18 seconds. They were then asked to report the three letters.
200
The knowledge of a language which allows us to be able to tell when one word ends and the next one begins. Studies have shown that even infants are capable of this.
What is speech segmentation?
200
This subcortical brain structure is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events.
What is the Amygdala?
200
This refers to the enhancing effect of attention spreading throughout an object.
What is the Same Object Advantage?
200
The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.
What is Encoding?
200
Desribe the results and conclusions of: Experience-dependent plasticity (Blakemore and Cooper, 1970)
Results: Kittens raised in the horizontal environment could not detect vertical stimuli and vice versa. Microelectrodes placed on neurons in the visual cortex found they did not fire when exposed to the unfamiliar line orientation. Conclusions: The visual cortex continues to develop after birth. Its development is determined at least to a large degree by demands of the environment and not simply genetics.
300
These are neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.
What are Feature Detection Cells?
300
These are chemicals that are released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials
What are neurotransmitters?
300
This is commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure.
What is shadowing?
300
In Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory, these can be controlled by the person and that may differ from one task to another.
What are control processes?
300
The Stroop Effect.
Reading is an automatic process whereas color naming is not. Reading names of colors is easier than naming colors of color-names.
400
The idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment.
What is Unconscious Inference?
400
This subcortical structure is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.
What is the hippocampus?
400
This type of model that proposes that incoming information is restricted at some point in processing, so only a portion of the information gets through to consciousness.
What is a bottleneck model?
400
This is the name for the image left in the sensory memory store that can be accessed briefly after a visual stimulus is gone.
What is an icon?
400
Explain the Greebles experiment.
Participants began with very little FFA activity for Greebles, but after being familiarized with them, showed nearly as much FFA activation for Greebles as for human faces.
500
The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
What is Viewpoint Invariance?
500
This is the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that specific object.
What is specificity coding?
500
These occur because when someone is peripherally attending to objects, each feature exists independently of the others, and can be incorrectly combined.
What is an illusory conjunction?
500
When information learned previously interferes with learning new information.
What is proactive interference?
500
One example of a delayed response task involved monkeys and food. Describe the task and the main finding.
The monkey sees a food reward in one of two food wells. Both wells are then covered, a screen is lowered, and then there is a delay before the screen is raised again. When the screen is raised, the monkey must remember which well had the food and uncover the correct food well to obtain a reward. However, if their prefrontal cortex is removed, their performance drops to chance level -the prefrontal (PF) cortex is important for holding information for brief periods of time.