Memory & Forgetting
Which of our senses does echoic memory refer to?
Hearing.
Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory involving what we hear
What is a mnemonic device?
Give an example
a memory tool such as an acronym.
P.E.M.D.A.S.
Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally = Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction
What is effortful processing?
Learning that takes some effort, which is more effective for increasing intellectual ability and memory
What is a schema?
Mental framework/folder
According to Piaget, what age are kids in the sensory motor stage of cognitive development?
0-2
What is Miller's Law about?
We can only hold 7+/-2 items in our short term memory at a time.
What is the difference between declarative memory and non-declarative memory?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
declarative is fact based = we know the who, what, where behind the memory
non-declarative is automatic/ unconscious = our brain automatically remembers how to ride a bike
What is chunking? How does it help us remember things?
Categorizing things into chunks, it works because of Miller's Law
What is assimilation?
placing new information into an existing schema
During which stage are kids able to do abstract thinking and algebra?
What is the cocktail party effect?
It explains why we can pick out the sound of our name in a noisy crowd.
(Selective Attention)
What is priming?
Priming is when you activate the memory with associations
Ex: you can't remember your teacher's name but then your friend reminds you it starts with the letter P and suddenly you remember
How can we use visualization to help with studying and learning?
Adding a visual image to what you're learning to help your brain make more associations. Make the visuals impactful or high emotion.
What is accommodation?
Which stage is dominating by egocentrism?
Pre-operational stage (2-7)
What is parallel (or dual) processing?
Give an example
When we process two or more sequences of operations at one time.
Ex: Writing notes while chewing gum. It can help the brain have more than one way of accessing information later.
Give an example of the difference between deep and shallow processing?
Deep processing is processing info with meaning attached
ex: taking notes with meaningful doodles or examples
What is chaining? How does it help us remember?
What is equilibrium and how is it related to schema?
The brain goes into disequilibrium when it encounters something new or something it can't categorize, so it creates mental frameworks
At which stage do kids understand reversibility and conservation?
Concrete Operational Stage
7-12
There are three basic processes that happen when it comes to memory. The first two are storage and encoding. What is the third?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
retrieval
Explain what is meant by these three terms:
state-dependent memory
mood-dependent memory
context-dependent memory
state= you can remember things when you're in the same state of mind as when you first learned/experienced them (ex: drunk)
mood= you can remember things when you're in the same mood as when you first learned/experienced them (ex: happy vs sad)
context= when you're in the same context (ex: in the same neighborhood)
Describe the Method of Loci/ Memory Palace as a memory technique
What is cognitive dissonance?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort the mind experiences when your actions/beliefs don't align with your perceived morality.
What is theory of mind?
Being able to understand/infer the mental states of others. This is developed in the Concrete Operational Stage.