Thinking and Decision-Making
Spontaneous style of solving problems, making decisions based on a quick and broad assessment.
What is intuitive thinking?
A set of beliefs or expectations that represent a network of already accumulated knowledge.
What is a cognitive schema?
Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli: emotion is an interpretation of a physiological response.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A memory based on a fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memory often believed to be true in spite of contradictory evidence.
What is a confabulation?
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system- duration: a few seconds- capacity: theoretically limitless
What is the sensory register?
The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings.
What are biases?
The processing of information into the memory system- storing new knowledge, beliefs and expectations.
What is encoding?
Joseph LeDoux proposed that the amygdala serves as a "hub" of rapid emotional response, especially to sensory input involving threat ,which is processed via a "low road", but that non-threatening stimuli can be processed more slowly via the neocortex, also called the "high road".
What are the two pathways of emotion?
The active process of retrieving and assembling memories from information in long-term storage.
What is reconstructive memory?
Memory store that holds 7+/- 2 information units, briefly, before the information is either transferred or decayed.
What is the short-term memory?
Investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; and found that people are likely to base probability estimates on mental shortcuts, instead of rational thinking.
Who are Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky?
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded- remembering/thinking.
What is retrieval?
A special memory mechanism theorized by Roger Brown and James Kulik in 1977. Posits that surprising and emotionally arousing events imprint in one's memory like a photograph.
What is the theory of Flashbulb memory?
In Loftus and Palmer's 1974 study- this refers to how participants estimated the speed of a car differently based on the intensity of the verb used to describe the collision.
What is response bias?
The theoretically permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
What is long-term memory?
An unpleasant mental experience of that occurs when one attempts to balance holding two conflicting thoughts or beliefs, or when one's behavior does not match one's values.
What is cognitive dissonance?
A knowledge framework that describes the appropriate sequence of events in a given situation.
What is a script schema?
Found evidence for a unique neurological foundation for flashbulb memories. Activation of the amygdala was measured using fMRI imaging in participants who recalled memories of 9/11 attacks in Sep 2001, which they had witnessed. The measurements were taken 3 years after the actual events, but amygdala activation was still seen. This suggests that the amygdala is involved in the formation of flashbulb memories.
What is Sharot et al (2007)?
Information presented after an event that can alter or impair a memory as it mixes with one's already imperfect perception.
What is post-event information?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)- posits that memory is divided into three stores- sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory; each limited by duration and capacity
What is the multi-store memory model?
The tendency for a person's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.
What is the framing effect?
Connecting a stimulus with knowledge or experience that is already possessed. Once the stimulus gains meaning, it can be more readily stored. The theory behind schema processing.
What is effort after meaning?
The interaction between emotion and cognition.
What is bidirectional?
Part of the famous study on the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Participants watched 7 films of traffic accidents. They then had to estimate how fast the cars were going when they "hit", "smashed", "collided", "bumped", or "contacted" each other. "Smashed" resulted in the highest speed estimates.
What is Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment 1?
Baddeley Hitch (1974) developed this model of short term memory to address a limitation of the MSMM - they suggested memory has a number of different stores making it possible to multitask when sensory input is in different modalities.
What is the working memory model?