Memory
Chunking, organization, and maintenance rehearsal are all types of __________ for improving memory.
Strategies
Memories of an event organized into a coherent, story-like format. Often have a beginning, middle, and end with a clear order of events.
The ability to concentrate on one stimulus in the environment while simultaneously shutting out other stimuli.
Selective attention
Alecia really likes extra credit. Alecia is a college student. Therefore, all college students must really like extra credit. This is an example of __________.
Inductive reasoning.
These tasks are used to investigate theory of mind
False belief tasks
Understanding how your own memory works and how it fails
Metamemory
Children's concepts of chair, dog, table, and cat are _________ level concepts.
Basic
Performance of a task becomes more and more automatic with repetition, requiring less focused attention to complete it. This is known as the _________.
Practice effect
Baby Charleigh is 8 months old. Her mother puts her down in front of the television to watch Sesame Street. Based on what you know about media usage in the preschool years, what might Charleigh benefit from watching Sesame Street?
Probably nothing. Children under 2 haven't been shown to gain much from educational programming, but four-year-olds seem to benefit from watching child-directed programming.
What does research say about the eyewitness memory of preschool children?
Can be easily led astray by suggestive questioning; can't always remember what they actually witnessed vs. what they heard about later on.
This type of memory is limited to around 7 unrelated pieces of information (plus or minus 2)
Working memory
The tendency of preschoolers to grant human or biological properties to inanimate objects
Animism
Inhibitory control, self-regulation, planning, monitoring, modifying behavior, and maintaining attentional focus all wall within the realm of ___________.
Executive functioning
Marcus, age 8, is retelling the story of when he went to the beach. He tells the story from his point of view- what happened to him during his trip, what he ate, what he liked and disliked. His retelling demonstrates __________ memory.
Autobiographical
According to research, better working memory in preschool predicts __________ in early childhood
Scholastic achievement and better executive functioning
Schemas often contain both ____ and ____ parts.
Fixed; variable
Children behave in a simulated, "as-if" manner during this type of play.
Pretense play
Being able to inhibit prepotent responses, maintain focus on topics that aren't interesting, and refrain from off-task behaviors requires _______ control, which is a function governed by the part of the brain known as ________.
Inhibitory; prefrontal cortex
Octavia's mother is on the phone. She talks to her husband about dinner plans while she folds the laundry. This is an example of which type of attention?
Divided attention
Watching Barney and Friends has been associated with greater development of which types of skills?
Social and emotional
Having a highly elaborative parent (especially a mother) can, according to research, be helpful with improving a child's _____________.
Autobiographical memory
Having an understanding of your own thoughts and emotions as well as those of other people (and knowing that your thoughts/emotions may be different from others) is called ___________.
Theory of Mind
These are the types of attention and inattention studied by Ruff, Cappozzoli, and Weissberg (1998)
Sustained attention
Quiet inattention
Active inattention
Wiley pretends to feed his father a plastic banana during playtime. This is an example of __________.
Other-referenced pretend behaviors
Researchers study attentional development with _________ tasks.
Vigilance