Philosophy & Physiology
Names of the two ontological positions stating that everything in the universe is matter/energy or everything is mental.
What are materialism and idealism?
Person, place, and year of the first psychology lab.
Who is Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig Germany, 1879.
Early psychologist who claimed that consciousness and other cog phenomena are meaningless.
Who is J. B. (John) Watson?
Cog-friendly field of psychology from which we know "the whole is more than the sum of its parts".
What is Gestalt psychology?
This first "Cognitive Psychology" text was written by this person and published in this year.
Who is Ulric Neisser in 1967.
Only people with this ontological position have a mind/body problem.
What is dualism?
Aspect of cognition that was of central importance to the first scientific psychologists.
What is consciousness?
Form of conditioning in which an existing reflex becomes controlled by an initially neutral stimulus.
What is classical/Pavlovian conditioning?
Mental "concept" that Jean Piaget said was critical in explaining reasoning and problem solving in children.
What is a schema?
Name of the neural processing structures that "compute" specific cognitive functions.
What are modules?
Philosopher who was of two minds about the substances that made up the universe.
Who is Rene Decartes?
Generally considered to be the grandfather of cognitive psychology.
Who is William James?
Form of conditioning in which a behavior becomes more (or less) likely when an animal's response is reinforced (or punished).
What is operant (aka. instrumental; Skinnerian) conditioning?
Researcher who challenged behaviorist accounts of language by emphasizing the creative, rule-based nature of language.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
Key distinction which identifies the starting point or direction of neuro/cognitive processing.
What are top-down vs bottom-up processing?
Name of the bumpy "science" created by Franz Gall that first linked specific abilites to specific brain areas.
What is Phrenology?
Early theoretical approach that tried to describe the elements of subjective experience in order to do a kind of "mental chemistry".
What is structuralism?
Thereotical name for the neutral stimulus (dinner bell) that, after conditioning, triggered salivation in Pavlov's dogs.
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Most important invention for triggering the cognitive revolution.
What is the digital computer?
This approach uses a "brain model of the mind" and views cognition via interactions among simple, neuron-like processing units.
What is connectionism (aka. parallel distributed processing).
French neurologist who first identified the brain area associated with the production of speech.
Who is Paul Broca?
The four main problems with introspection.
What is Subjective, Unreliable, Restrictive, & Flawed?
Concept introduced by behaviorist E. Tolman to explain unreinforced maze-learning in rats.
What is a cognitive map?
Area that gave cog psych a number of key terms including coding, capacity, and serial vs parallel processing.
What is communication engineering?
This approach claims that cognitive processes are highly dependent on the body and strongly situated in the world.
What is embodied cognition?