Show:
Schema Theory
Emotions
Levels of Processing
Biological Basis
Social to biological effects
100
Who suggested the schema theory?
Bartlett (1932)
100
Suggest a Theory explaining Emotion
1) James-Lange Theory 2) Cannon-Bard Theory 3) Schachter-Singer Theory (Two factor)
100
Who proposed the Levels of processing theory?
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
100
What area of the brain is most often associated with memory?
The hippocampus
100
Name one social factor and how it may affect memory.
1) Stress from poverty--Research studies indicate a clear link between living in poverty or near poverty and subsequent negative effects on cognitive processes such as memory. What is not clear, however, is what it is exactly about living in poverty that causes problems with memory. memories of children who have been raised in poverty have smaller capacities than those of middle-class children. In lab animals, stress hormones and high blood pressure are associated with reduced cell connectivity and smaller volumes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. 2) Malnutrition from poverty --> Research also suggests that poor nutrition in early life is associated with poor performance on cognitive (thinking, learning and memory) tests in adulthood. In Australia, children that received the daily drink with the added vitamin and mineral mix performed significantly better on mental performance tests than children in a control group that received the drink without added nutrients.
200
What is a schema?
Mental pictures of what we expect
200
Explain one theory of emotion.
1) James-Lange Physiology produces emotion and cognition environment triggers physiology, then emotional/cognitice response to physiology 2) Cannon-Bard Emotion and physiology occurr simultaneously, environment triggers emotion and phsysiology together. 3) Schachter and Singer (Two Factor) Cognition and physiology produce emothion. Cognitive appraisal of enviornment events identifies emotion.
200
Who carried out the research on the Levels of processing?
Craik and Tulving (1975)
200
What is the Alzheimer's disease
Is the accumulation of amyloid plaques between neurones in the brain, which causes microtubles to collaspe. Memory impairment is one of the first effects of this disease, when these plaques build up in areas of the brain associated with memory (such as the hippocampus). As Alzhiemer's disease progresses brain tissue shrinks and ventricles enlarges.
200
How might social interaction improve memory?
oxytocin associated with lactation and human bonding, which might improve memory.
300
Explain the schema theory.
Schema theory suggests that we record new information by trying to make sense of it in terms of what we already know.
300
Explain the "Love on the Bridge" experiment conducted by Dutton and Aron (1974)
An attractive female experimenter stands in the middle of a scary bridge and a safe bridge. She stops bypassing male participants and asks them to fill out a survey. She then gives them her phone number for any questions they have. The participants who crossed the scary bridge were more likely to call the experimenter that night. This suggests that these participants have misattributed their fear (increased arousal) to attraction for the experimenter.
300
Describe the Level of Processing theory.
Stimulus inputs undergo successive processing operations. Early proccessings are "shallow", they involve the coding of the stimulus in terms of its physical characteristics. "Deep proccessing involves coding the stimulus more abstractly in terms of its meaning. Visual and acoustic coding are shallow, semantic coding is deep. The retention of an item is dependent on the depth or level of processing carried out on the to-be-remembered material. Superficial processing leads only to shallow, short term memory retention; deep processing leads to efficient, durable retention.
300
Explain the use of technology in investigating the Alzheimer's disease.
MRI and PET scans are used to observe brain activity. Since the hippocampus is suggested to be mostly associated with memory, a decrease in activity in the hippocampus, suggests symptoms of Alzheimer's. Scans can show shrinkage of the hippocampus and enlargement of the ventricles surrounding it.
300
How does poverty affect children?
Children growing up in poor families are affected by inadequate nutrition and possible environmental toxins, they experience unhealthy levels of stress hormones, which impair their neural development.
400
Describe the War of the Ghost experiment by Bartlett (1932)
To test the Schema Theory, Barlett conducted an experiment using English subjects. These english subjects were asked to read an unfamiliar Native American folk story, they were then asked to reproduce it hours/days/weeks/months later. Barlett found that with each reproduction of the story, details that were unfamiliar to the subjects were omitted and made more rational and coherent to these english subjects. These changes were often immediate, occuring even in the the first reproductions of the story.
400
Explain the experiment on the two factor theory conducted by Schachter and Singer (1962).
In the experiment, participants are split into the control group, the group who had knowledge in receiving adrenaline, and a group which has no knowledge in receiving adrenaline. These participants are then put into a situation (excited or a situation where you would be provoked). Participants who had no knowledge of recieving adrenaline were most aroused by the situation, where as those who had knowledge of receiving adrenaline were least aroused. This is because those who had the knowledge of recieving adrenaline attributed the excess arousal to the injection of adrenaline. Whereas those who had no knowledge were even more aroused as they attributed the arousal by adrenaline to arousal of themselves. Thus they had misattributed their physical arousal to emotions they saw in someone else.
400
What questions were used to test the different levels of processing?
1) Shallow processing: Was the word in capital letters or in lower case? 2) Deep processing: Does the word fit into the following sentence...?
400
Describe the case study of HM
Due to a head injury from his childhood, HM has been suffering from epilepsy. To treat this, parts of HM's medial temporal lobes were removed, which contained two thirds of his hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala. After the surgery, the epilepsy was controlled, but he then suffered from severe anterograde amnesia. His working memory and procedural memory was well functioning, but he could not commit new memories into long term memory. Apart from this, he also suffered from moderate retrograde amnesia, he could not remember some of the events prior to the surgery. But he his long term procedural memory was intact, thus he was able to remember motor skills, despite not being able to remember how he learnt them.
400
Poor nutrition and their effects on memory.
Research suggests that poor nutrition in early life is associated with poor performance on cognitive tests in adulthood. A team of European scientists conducted research of children in Australia and Indonesia. A 12 month study of 780 children in Australia and Indonesia is conducted to see the effects of adding specific nutrient mix into a daily drink. 396 well fed Australians and 384 poorly nourished children in Indonesia has participated, they are randomly allocated in to one of four groups, recieving a drink with either a mix of micronutrients or with fish-oil, or with both or a placebo. After twelve months children in Australian showed improvements in tests, whereas in Indonesia, only girls showed improvement.
500
What is one strength of the Schema Theory?
1) Large amounts of supporting data, very reliable. 2) Useful for understanding how people encode information. 3) Useful for understanding stereotyping and prejudice.
500
Evaluate the "Love on the Bridge" study.
1) Female experimenter may not be attractive to some participants, therefore, participants would not misattribute their physical arousal to emotional arousal. 2) The scary bridge is not scary enough, therefore there are no physical arousal to be misattributed. 3) Male participants could be homosexual, therefore would not find female experimenter attractive (refer to 1). 4) Participants may only want to know the results, therefore does not counts as misattribution of physical arousal to emotional arousal. 5) Opportunity sampling, difficult to generalize results.
500
Describe the findings of two studies or experiments on the flashbulb memory theory: Make sure each study has conflicting findings.
Brown and Kulik (1977): clear memories of Kennedy's assasination. Neiser and Harsch (1992): inconsistent memory for the fall of the Challenger. Talarico and Rubin (2001): Confidence increases for 911 incident whereas ordinary events not so much.
500
Name two strengths and two weaknesses of case studies.
Strength: 1) Allows the researcher to investigate in more detail. 2) Allows investigation on human experiences not possible with other research methods. 3) Provide unique insights that may contradict established theories. Weakness: 1) This method is based on an interview format, participants may not be 100% honest. 2) Because each case is unique, it cannot be replicated, so the reliability is low. 3) It is not possible to generalize the results to the general population.
500
What is Evans and Schamberg's research on and what did they find?
Sociological explanations for the achievement gap.Given a sequence of items to remember, teenagers who grew up in poverty remembered an average of 8.5 items. Those who were well-off during childhood remembered an average of 9.44 items. This tests their working memory, which is considered a reliable indicator of reading, language and problem solving, critical of adult success.