Brain areas
These bumps on the surface of the cortex are called this, while the valleys between them are called this.
What are gyri and sulci?
This structure is the primary white matter tract connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
What is the corpus callosum?
fMRI measures this signal, based on differences in relaxation rates between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
What is the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) signal?
This disease results from atrophy of the striatum, specifically shrinkage of the caudate, and produces involuntary jerky movements called chorea.
What is Huntington's disease?
Rods handle low-light and peripheral vision; these cells handle color and foveal vision.
What are cones?
This brain region contains the inferior colliculus, which is an auditory relay, and the superior colliculus, which helps orient to visual stimuli.
What is the midbrain?
Almost all sensory information and motor information passes through this relay center on the way to or from the cortex.
What is the thalamus?
EEG has excellent precision in this dimension, while fMRI excels in this other dimension.
What is temporal precision (EEG) and spatial resolution (fMRI)?
This disease involves loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, causing tremors and difficulty initiating movement.
What is Parkinson's disease?
This part of the retina has the highest acuity vision and the greatest density of cones.
What is the fovea?
This sulcus forms the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the central sulcus?
The crossing point where the lateral corticospinal tract switches from one side of the body to the other.
What is the medulla?
This MRI-related technique maps white matter tracts by detecting the direction water diffuses along myelinated fibers.
What is DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)?
The lateral corticospinal tract controls movement of these body parts, while the medial tract controls the trunk.
What are the limbs (arms, hands, fingers, lower legs, feet)?
Visual information from the retina travels first to this thalamic relay structure before reaching V1.
What is the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)?
The thalamus is part of this larger brain division that also includes the hypothalamus.
What is the diencephalon?
The pons serves as a connective bridge between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain, and also contains an important relay point for sound called this.
What is the superior olive?
Scanning method that detects radioactive material that is injected or inhaled to produce an image of the brain.
What is Positron-emission tomography?
In Huntington's disease, the indirect basal ganglia pathway is weakened, resulting in these types of excessive movements.
What are hyperkinesias (chorea/involuntary movements)?
Unlike the LGN, primary visual cortex (V1) integrates input from both eyes. The difference in the image falling on each retina is called this.
What is binocular disparity?
This collection of structures is located at the crossroads of neural circuits involved in motor control, putting it in a good position to modulate motor activity.
What is the basal ganglia?
The organ in the brain responsible for memory creation and consolidation.
What is the hippocampus?
These time-locked, averaged waveforms derived from EEG recordings can reveal cognitive processing with millisecond precision.
What are ERPs (event-related potentials)?
The direct basal ganglia pathway equation: Cortex → Striatum → GPi → Thalamus results in this net effect on movement.
What is excitation (net +1, movement is facilitated)?
This condition, caused by extensive damage to striate cortex, leaves patients with no conscious visual experience yet still able to make rudimentary visual discriminations.
What is blindsight?