Vision (hard) & Audition
This spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear houses hair cells that transduce sound vibrations into electrical signals.
What is the cochlea?
This patient’s bilateral medial temporal lobe resection revealed the critical role of the hippocampus in forming new declarative memories.
Who is HM?
This process, often likened to a spotlight, allows for focused processing of task-relevant sensory inputs while filtering out distractions.
What is selective attention?
This neurotransmitter is overactive in subcortical regions in schizophrenia, contributing to positive symptoms.
What is dopamine?
This type of stroke, caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain, accounts for approximately 90% of all cerebrovascular accidents.
What is ischemic stroke?
Whereas the primary thalamic nucleus in the visual system is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), in audition the main thalamic relay is called this.
What is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)?
This brain structure is critical for the acquisition of conditioned fear responses, as shown in Pavlovian fear conditioning studies.
What is the amygdala?
This condition results in individuals failing to attend to stimuli on one side of their visual or sensory field, typically following parietal lobe damage.
What is hemispatial neglect?
This neurotrophic factor, which supports neuronal health, is often downregulated in MDD.
What is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?
In this type of head injury, diffuse axonal damage occurs due to twisting and shearing forces, often affecting major white matter tracts.
What is a closed head traumatic brain injury?
This term describes the organization of the primary auditory cortex, where specific frequencies activate distinct locations.
What is tonotopic mapping?
This type of memory loss affects information acquired before a brain injury or lesion.
What is retrograde amnesia?
This brain region is essential for manipulating items in working memory, as shown in tasks like letter-number sequencing.
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
Schizophrenia is often characterized by this type of cognitive symptom, which includes deficits in working memory and executive function.
What are negative cognitive symptoms?
Degeneration of dopaminergic projections from this midbrain structure results in motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease.
What is the substantia nigra?
The sensory neurons that carry information from the ear to the brain.
What are spiral ganglion cells?
Patient KC’s case highlighted the distinction between these two types of memory, where one stores personal experiences and the other stores general knowledge.
What are episodic and semantic memory?
This philosophical problem questions how cognitive control is exerted without relying on the concept of an "inner observer."
What is the Homunculus problem?
Hyperactivity in this brain structure contributes to heightened threat detection in anxiety disorders.
What is the amygdala?
This hyperkinetic disorder, caused by degeneration of the caudate and putamen, leads to involuntary movements known as choreas.
What is Huntington’s disease?
This structure in the tectum region of the midbrain relays auditory signals and contributes to reflexive responses to sound.
What is the inferior colliculus?
This rare patient, who has bilateral amygdala damage, shows impaired recognition of fearful facial expressions but intact recognition of other emotions.
Who is SM?
This attention network is involved in bottom-up, stimulus-driven shifts of attention and includes the temporoparietal junction.
What is the ventral attention network?
This network, involving the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex, processes the salience of threats in anxiety disorders.
What is the salience network?
This hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease is characterized by a sharp decline in memory and cognitive function, often progressing more rapidly in early-onset cases.
What is episodic memory impairment?
The ventral portion of this brainstem nucleus is critical for binaural integration.
What is the ventral cochlear nucleus (and/or superior olivary nucleus)?
This researcher’s "Law of Mass Action" stated that memory impairment is proportional to the amount of brain tissue damaged, not its location.
Who is Lashey?
This cognitive task measures inhibitory control and relies on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
What is the Stop-Signal Task (SST)?
This form of decision-making, prevalent in obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, relies on habitual rather than goal-directed control.
What is model-free control?
This variant of frontotemporal dementia affects social behavior and personality, often presenting with apathy and impulsivity.
What is behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD)?
These hair-like receptors are organized in a tonotopic map along the cochlea and help the brain sort out which frequencies are present in an auditory stimulus.
What are cilia?
This model distinguishes between familiarity, a fast and automatic process, and recollection, a slower and more detailed retrieval process.
What is the Dual Process Model?
Damage to this part of Phineas Gage’s brain disrupted his motivation to engage cognitive control, while sparing his lateral prefrontal cortex.
What is the medial prefrontal cortex?
The prodromal phase of schizophrenia is characterized by subclinical symptoms such as these.
What are anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal?
While episodic memory declines with age, this form of memory is relatively preserved in healthy aging but impaired in Alzheimer’s Disease.
What is semantic memory?
This extrastriate area is a critical target for the tectopulvinar pathway in vision and is often referred to as "area V5".
What is area MT?
This learning process, often impaired in Parkinson's disease, involves the dorsal and ventral putamen as a function of practice.
What is motor sequence learning?
This brain network, anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is responsible for proactive cognitive control.
What is the frontoparietal network?
In addiction, this brain region is associated with the "wanting" response, where cravings for a substance or behavior can persist despite diminished pleasure.
What is the nucleus accumbens?
Electrodes implanted into this subcortical structure are used to treat motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, potentially affecting response inhibition.
What is the subthalamic nucleus?
This symptom can occur after lesions to the "dorsal stream" and involves an inability to localize and plan actions towards visual stimuli.
What is optic ataxia?
This synaptic mechanism, first discovered in the hippocampus, is thought to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
This brain system, divided into dorsal and ventral pathways, is critical for arousal and maintaining alertness.
What is the reticular activating system?
This brain region, often overactive in MDD, is indirectly targeted in rTMS in treatment-resistant depression.
What is the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC)?
Damage to anterior temporopolar cortex in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease causes this symptom.
What is semantic memory decline?
These retinal cells help to vertically connect photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells.
What are bipolar cells?
This type of conditioning involves a brief interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, requiring the hippocampus for successful learning.
What is trace conditioning?
This computational modeling framework posits that the brain computes the cost and benefit of exerting cognitive effort to determine the optimal level of control.
What is the Expected Value of Control (EVC) theory?
This hypothesis of depression suggests that reduced levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine contribute to symptoms.
What is the monoamine hypothesis?
What is impaired conflict modulation?