Neuroanatomy
The most posterior lobe of the human brain.
What is the occipital lobe?
This term describes descending pathways from the motor cortex.
What is efferent?
This type of memory is about events and concepts, the “what, where, and when” of stored information.
What is Declarative Memory?
This disorder can be effectively treated in many patients with a mood stabilizer, such as lithium, while anti-depressant medications can have detrimental effects.
What is bipolar disorder?
This hemisphere is the predominant hemisphere for language in most people.
What is the left hemisphere?
The grooves of the brain.
What are sulci?
This motor area, located in the precentral gyrus, has a topical organization.
What is the Primary Motor Cortex?
Henry Molaison, or H.M., experienced this condition when his bilateral hippocampi were removed and took away his ability to form new memories.
What is anterograde amnesia?
The theory states that abnormal levels of one specific neurotransmitter plays a major role in the cause of schizophrenia.
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
Also referred to as grammar, this is often said to be the most distinctive aspect of language
What is Syntax?
This substance helps protect the brain from injury, helps remove waste, and is produced in the ventricles.
What is cerebral spinal fluid?
Lower level mechanisms can produce these movement without influence of higher level structures.
What are (Stretch) Reflexes?
This brain region, which contains the hippocampi, is referred to as the "hub of hubs" for its role integrating multiple brain inputs and coordinating learning and retrieval in many parts of the cortex.
What are the medial temporal lobes?
This psychoactive medication is often used to treat anxiety and depression because of its ability to increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake.
What is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
This brain area in the left frontal lobe is associated with language production.
What is Broca's Area?
This fissure divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the Sylvian (or lateral) fissure?
What is the external loop?
OR
What is the motor loop of the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor areas?
In the molecular systems of memory, this refers to when synaptic strength is increased and remains elevated, such as when a "memory trace" is strengthened.
What is long term potentiation, or LTP?
These two types of validity are shown in the animal model for “despair” in which a rat is hung by its tail to see how long it will fight to get free and whether anti-depressant medication changes this behavior.
What is face and predictive validity?
In this type of aphasia, patients are aware that they have a language disorder but are unable to express language fluently.
What is Broca's Aphasia?
The interior view of the brain you would have if you cut it lengthwise (i.e., front to back).
What is sagittal (or longitudinal)?
In the hierarchical system of the motor system, these areas plan movements, and then tell the primary motor cortex what messages to have the muscles do.
What are the Premotor and Supplemental motor areas?
This type of memory relies on the basal ganglia and is often retained even when patients experience anterograde and/or retrograde amnesia.
What is procedural memory?
A decreased in goal-directed behavior seen in schizophrenia.
What is avolition?
This model of language was helpful not only for creating the first complete and coherent model of language, but also for its predictive utility for disorders such as conductive aphasia.
What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model?