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Reliability
Memory Models
Research Methods
A framework
Thinking and decision making
100

The assumption that memory is constructed is what led theorists to label memory retrieval in these terms.


What is reconstructive memory?

100
This theory was presented by Atkinson and Shiffrin. 
What is the Multi Store Memory model?
100
This is the most common type of research method used in studying cognition. 
What are experiments? 
100

The theory based on the concept that the way we process information at any moment or the way we act is determined to a very significant extent by relevant previous knowledge stored in our memory and organized in this form. 

What are schema? 
100
Intuition and Rationality are system 1 and system 2 of this model. 
What is the dual process model? 
200

Loftus showed us how this can implant false memories for an event that never happened.


What is confabulation?


200
This is the first step in the MSM model. 
What is sensory memory?
200
Loftus and Palmer's car experiment was conducted in a lab and participants saw the car crash on video. For these reasons, their studies is considered low in this. 
What is ecological validity? 
200

Patterns of behavior that are learned through our interaction with the environment are called this. 

What are scripts? 
200

The inability for people to always use system 2 is due to the limits of working memory​ , the limits of long-term memory and the decision-making problem itself. This is what theorists call this. 

What is bounded rationality? 
300

Loftus and Palmer acknowledged that the varied results in speed estimates may have been a result of this.

What is response bias?
300
This is the type of memory that was not affected by HM's operation. 
What is the procedural memory?
300
Miller's magic number 7 has been criticized for some validity issues as is the case for most of these kinds of experiments. 
What are lab experiments? 
300

A cognitive structure that provides a framework for organizing information about how individuals act with one another is called this. ​

What is social schema? 
300
These are simple and efficient rules that guide decision making sometimes outside of consciousness awareness. 
What are heuristics? 
400

Loftus and Palmer hypothesized that participants in the ‘smashed’ condition were more likely to answer yes to this question.


Did you see any broken glass?
400
Memory is typical conceptualized by these three processes. 
What are encoding, storage and retrieval?
400
This is one researcher which challenged the concept of the visuospatial sketchpad as one of main components of the working memory by testing spatial awareness in blind persons. 
Who is Jones (1975)?
400
Schema affected the way participants recalled the text in this study. 
What is Bartlett's war of ghosts study? 
400
This type of bias can be triggered when a person is exposed to an idea through the media repeatedly. 
What is the availability bias?
500

This is the effect that explains Loftus's claims that the nature of questions asked by police or in a courtroom can influence witnesses memory. 

What is the misinformation effect?
500

This holds information and allows it to be passed backwards and forwards between working memory and long-term memory​. 

What is the episodic buffer?
500

Yuille and Cutshall's study show that witness statements were scored independently by three judges, with a variance among scores less than 2%, so the study appears high in this. 

What is inter-rater reliability? 
500
The way these were used activated different schema which in turn affected the estimate participants gave to the speed in which the cars were moving before the crash in Loftus and Palmer's study. 
What are verbs? 
500
The Wason Selection task gave evidence of these two systems working together to solve a problem. 
What are intuition and rationality?