Easy peasy
Definition of sensation
Process where specialized sensory receptor cells detect physical energy and transduce it into neural impulses.
Definition of perception
Process of the brain that organize, interpret and give meaning to sensory information.
Definition of attention
Mechanism that selectively focuses cognitive resources on certain aspects of sensory input, enabling to process relevant information more effectively while filtering out distractions.
Definition of memory
The process or faculty of aquiring, storing, retaining and retrieving information.
Definition of emotion
Process of experiencing and deriving the meaning of physiological changes.
Definition of language
A system of symbols used to communicate
Definition of learning
Enduring change in the brain or behavior dependent of experience.
Definition of intelligence
Ability to process information efficiently, adapt to new environments and solve complex problems.
Definition of executive functions
Set of skills managed by the prefrontal cortex acting as the control center for goal-directed behavior, self-regulation and planning.
Definition of creativity
Ability to produce original and relevant ideas to solve a problem or improve a situation, thanks to spontaneuous idea generation.
Mention types of sensations
Light, sound, heat, pressure, chemicals (smell or taste), pain, propioception.
Mention 3 types of attention
Focused attention: Immediate, basic response to a specific stimulus.
Selective attention: focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
Sustained attention: mantain focus for a continuous period.
Divided attention: proccess multiple simultaneous stimuli at the same time.
Alternating attention: shift focus back and forth between tasks.
What is the difference between emotion, feelings and mood?
Emotion: biological response to stimuli
Feeling: conscious interpretation of the experience
Mood: broad long-lasting affective states
Mention at least 5 types of memory
Sensory memory: brief storage for stimuli received through the senses.
Short-term memory: temporary storage for information being consciously processed.
Long-term memory: nearly permanent limitles storage of information.
Explicit/declarative memory: memories you can consciously recall and describe.
Episodic memory: memories of specific personal experiences.
Semantic memory: memory for facts, concepts and general knowledge about the world.
Implicit/non-declarative memory: memories expressed through performance
Procedural memory: knowledge of how to perform physical task and skills.
Prospective memory: remembering to perform a planned action in the future
Define one of the following terms: just noticeable difference, sensory adaptation, perceptual constancy
Just noticeable difference: minimum change in stimulation required to detect a difference (50% of the time)
Sensory adaptation: reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure.
Perceptual constancy: perceive familiar objects as having stable unchanging properties despite variations in sensory input.
Mention some types of intelligence
Howard Gardner: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential.
Raymond Cattell: fluid and crystallized
Robert Sternberb: analytical, creative and practical.
Mention 3 strategies to regulate emotions.
Avoid situation
Modify situation
Shift attention
Reevaluate situation (cognitive change)
Temper or modulate
What is convergent and divergent thinking?
Convergent thinking: logical or analytical solution to a problem.
Divergent thinking: multiple, unique and spontaneous ideas.
Mention the 5 parts or levels of language.
Phonology: sounds
Morphology: smallest meaning
Syntax: order
Semantics: meaning
Pragmatics: usage
Mention what we should take into account to learn (better)
Inner characteristics: Motivation (interests), self-reflection (prior knowlegde, past experiences), ability.
Outer characteristics: relevant, meaningful, enjoyable, novelty, multiple entry points, level challenge.
What is g factor?
A psychometric construct that represents "general intelligence", suggesting that individuals who excel in one cocgnitive area tend to excel in others.
Mention 3 language production errors
Perseveration: a sound or word is repeated later.
Anticipation: a later sound is used too early.
Substitutions: replacing a word with another similar in meaning or soud.
Exchanges: Initial sounds or words are swapped.
Blends: combining two words into one.
Addition: adding sounds.
Deletions: omitting sounds.
When are activated the Default Mode Network and the Executive Control Network?
Default Mode Network: during rest, engaged in internal, self-referential thought.
Executive Control Network: during demanding tasks that require executive functions.
Mention the 3 core executive funtions and define at least one.
Working memory: hold and manipulate information while performing a task.
Inhibitory control: regulate impulses and resist distractions or inappropriate responses.
Cognitive flexibility: adapt thinking and behavior to new situations, rules and perspectives.
Name 4 and define 2 executive functions of higher order
Reasoning: solve problems and draw conclusions by processing information.
Theory of the mind: ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others.
Planning: Identify and organize steps and resources to achieve a goal.
Decision making: Selection of a logical choice of course of action based on potential outcomes.
Monitoring: track, evaluate and regulate one's own behavior, emotions and thoughts to check errors and adjust actions.
Emotion regulation: Monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions to accomplish goals or adapt.
Metacognition: Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.