Schema Theory
a “mental model” that is based on what we already know from prior knowledge and learning. It helps with remembering, and they can even change your behavior.
What is a schema?
Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory are the key components of this model.
What is the multi-store memory model?
Most psychologists now agree that memory is _________. In other words, we must consciously rebuild our memories every time we try to remember something.
what is reconstructive?
Not all psychologists have been convinced by the theory of flashbulb memory - especially the claim that flashbulb memories are exceptionally accurate.It is suggested that the reason why people seem to remember certain events in great detail is simply because they do this
What is rehearse they story over again and again?
The theory that there are two distinct modes of thinking: fast, automatic thinking, and slow, deliberate thinking.
what is dual process thinking?
These are mental shortcuts
what are heuristics?
The idea that that without emotions, humans are incapable of effective decision making.
what is the Somatic marker hypothesis
Information that is consistent with our schemas will be remembered well, but information which is inconsistent with our schemas may be ___________
what is forgotten or distorted?
a more developed version of the multi-store model, updated to reflect the latest research on the workings of short-term memory.
what is the working memory model?
In Loftus and Palmer's study on how leading questions can influence eyewitness memory, they found that Participants estimated that the cars were travelling at a significantly higher speed when the question involved the word _____________ .
What is "crashed" or "smashed" or some word like that?
Brown and Kulik investigated whether people have unusually vivid memories of highly emotional events. They found that Emotionally intense events are ...
What is remembered in great detail, clearly and accurately?
rapid, effortless thinking
what is system 1 thinking?
making use of a reference point in coming up with an estimate.
what is anchoring effect?
feelings in the body that are linked to emotions, like rapid heartbeat as a signal for fear, or nausea as a signal for disgust.
what are somatic markers ?
People with this condition don’t create any pictures of familiar objects, people, or places in their mind’s eye.
what is aphantasia?
If you do pay attention to something in your surroundings, this information moves from your sensory memory to your ...
what is short term memory?
forced choice and leading questions lead to these types of memories
what is distorted?
Brown & Kulik proposed a theory that Memories of highly emotional events will be exceptionally clear, detailed, and accurate and These events will be remembered as vividly as a photograph, hence the term _________ , as if a camera's flash captures the moment perfectly in memory
what is flashbulb?
slower, conscious and rational style of thinking
what is system 2 thinking?
This explains why people are often particularly fearful of shocking and sensational events, such as terrorist attacks, plane crashes, serial killers, and so forth. These events tend to be widely reported in the media, leading people to overestimate their occurrence because of the ease of recalling instances of the event.
What is availability heuristic?
This study suggests that participants with vmPRC damage do not experience somatic markers, and this leads to poor decisions
what is Bechara et al?
In Bartlett's study, British participants read a Native American story called "War of the Ghosts" twice, then asked to reproduce it from memory soon after, as well as on a later date. Participants found it difficult to remember the "War of the Ghosts" because the story ...
What is does not fit any of their cultural schemas?
Murdock's study on how the position of words in a list affected memory found that Participants tended to remember ...
what is the words that occurred first (primary) and last (recency).
This guy has so much rizz that he convinced 900 men, women, and children to drink Kool Aid mixed with cyanid. They all died.
Who is Jim Jones.
Neissar & Harsch Assessed the accuracy of flashbulb memories and they found that...
what is lthough flashbulb memories may seem detailed and vivid, they may not always be accurate.
From Atler and Oppenheimer's research, Participants who were given the questions in easy-to-read font used System 1, made more of these.
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What are errors?
f someone asks you, "Are there more or less than 10 countries in the world?" and then asks you to estimate the number of world countries, you will probably...
what is underestimate because of the low reference point?
Traditionally, many Western thinkers regarded emotion as a cause of poor judgement, arguing that we should make decisions on the basis of __________ .
What is reason?
In Bradsford and Johnson's study, Participants are randomly divided into three groups. All participants are read a paragraph describing a number of steps in a certain procedure. The group that were told the topic of the paragraph before they listened to it...
What is remembered the details much better.
This is a sort of mental "TV screen" where all the information from your senses, short-term and long-term memory is projected, ready for you to make use of.
What is the episodic buffer?
Memory doesn't work much like a video camera at all. Rather, we only store ____________ - brief fragments of memory, rather than an entire, complete record.
What are memory traces?
Phelps Investigation into which brain regions play a role in flashbulb memory found that this part of the brain is involved, suggesting that strong emotions result in vivid, detailed memories
what is the amygdala?
From an evolutionary perspective, a possible benefit of System 1 is ...
what is It is rapid, leading to quick reactions in life-or-death situations?
heuristics help System 1 come up with a decent guess to a question with little mental effort. However, their use allows for these things to impact our decision making
what are biases?
According to Bechera et al., these are necessary for good decision making.
What are emotions/feelings?