Terms and Definitions
Cognitive Psychology
The study of how mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and attention influence behavior. Making inferences about the mind based on behavior.
What type of memory error occurs when you cannot access information you have stored?
Blocking
What is the difference between the problem-solving strategies trial and error and an algorithm?
Trial and error involves trying many solutions while an algorithm is step-by-step instructions for solving the problem
What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence includes the ability to retrieve facts and knowledge while fluid intelligence is being able to adapt and solve problems when faced with challenges
This is what provides general principles for organizing words into sentences
Syntax
Functional fixedness
Being unable to imagine any uses for an object aside from the one it was designed for
What is the difference between overt and covert rehearsal?
Overt is out loud while covert is in your head
What is divergent thinking?
Being able to use creativity to form new solutions to problems, or “thinking outside the box”
What is the Flynn effect?
The observation that every generation’s IQ is significantly higher than the last
What type of language error is a child making when they say words like “goed” or “bestest”
Overgeneralization
Emotional intelligence
Being able to understand the motivations and emotions of self and others
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde is being unable to form new memories while retrograde is being unable to remember the past
If someone is engaging in what is called a mental set, what would they be doing?
Continually using the same unsuccessful solution to a problem and not being able to solve it
What does Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences state?
That every person has at least 8 types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
The idea that language shapes how we think and perceive the world
Cognitive script
A set of behaviors that are completed the same way every time, also known as an event schema
What type of encoding involves remembering words and their meanings?
Semantic encoding
Amy does not believe her friend that works in a coffee shop likes to ride motorcycles outside of work due to the woman's profession and gender. What type of bias is this?
Representative bias
What are the three parts of Sternberg's (1988) triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
What are the 4 main language skills humans have?
Listening, reading, speaking, and writing
Elaborative rehearsal involves
If part of an area of the brain involved in memory was damaged, what would Lashley's (1950) equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen?
Another part of the same area of the brain would take over that memory function
What is a cognitive miser?
Someone who tries not to expend much time or effort for tasks that require thinking
What is the difference between natural and artificial concepts?
Natural concepts are mental groupings created through experiencing them directly or indirectly and artificial concepts are defined by specific characteristics to paint a mental image of a concept
What phenomenon occurs in the McGurk effect?
When auditory and visual information do not match up so the brain perceives an entirely different sound