Problem-Solving
Define insight.
Sudden realization of solution; "Aha!"
True or False: Deductive reasoning goes from specific to general information.
False
True or False: Inductive reasoning starts as something specific and ends as something general.
True.
People almost always make decisions based on logic and are rarely swayed by emotion.
False
True or False: If it is raining, then the grass is wet. Is this statement valid: The grass is wet, therefore it must be raining.
False.
What were the two thinking strategies used in the Gestalt Approach?
Reproductive and Productive thinking.
Which experiment involved participants looking at statements and deciding if they are valid or not?
A. Real-World Experiment
B. Watson Card Task
C. Belief Bias Experiment
D. Availability Heuristic Experiment
C. Belief Bias Experiment
Which heuristic makes us afraid to do something?
A. Anchoring and Adjustment
B. A logical fallacy
C. Availability
D. Representativeness
C. Availability
In the vacation experiment, participants who had just taken a difficult test were offered the chance to go on a vacation for a reduced price. Participants could choose from three options; to go, not go, or to wait a day and then decide. The group which a majority chose to wait was:
a) the group who had passed the test
b)the group who had failed the test
c) the group which did not yet know whether they had passed or failed the test
d) all the groups were about the same
c) the group which did not yet know whether they had passed or failed the test
How many conditions are there to determine if a statement is valid or not?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 2
D. 4
D. 4
Describe the results of the Sleep Experiment.
Sleep produced the best performance overall. Being awake during the day or night showed the same level of performance.
An argument is valid if its conclusion necessarily follow from the proceeding statements
Logical Validity
Which of the heuristics deals with stereotyping?
Representativeness.
When a scenario is framed to emphasize the positive outcomes, people usually make this kind of choice.
Definitive
List two obstacles discussed in class related to the Gestalt Approach.
Mental set and Functional fixedness.
List 5 Problem Solving Tips discussed in class.
Any 5 of the following:
Sleep, reduce working memory load, follow systematic plan, develop subgoals, search for relations within problems, work backwards, find different problem representations, draw inferences, practice.
What are the two ways a conditional syllogism is a valid statement?
Affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent.
What is a consequence of the availability heuristic?
Incorrect responses, anecdotal information, or illusory correlation.
This experiment showed evidence that decision making is influenced by how scenarios and questions are phrased.
The Framing Experiment
The Mathematical Model of Subjective Utility Theory
EXPECTED VALUE = (Probability of a particular outcome) x (Utility of the outcome)
Describe the overall procedure and results of the Insight Experiment.
Two groups of participants asked to solve two different types of problems; insight or algebra. Participants were then asked to rate their progress on the problems every 15 seconds. The insight problems showed a period of flatlining whereas the algebra problems showed there were increments to solve the problem on the graph.
Explain the method, result, and how the "Real World Watson Experiment" task was easier than the "Watson Card Task"
Method: Participants were given a rule and among the four cards, they had to flip cards to test if the card was valid or invalid.
Results: Around 70% of participants answered correctly.
Why: The Real World Watson task was easier than the original task because using context is easier in deductive reasoning
Give the results of the experiment involving the availability heuristic.
Explain the Results of the More Alternatives Experiment and some reasons why the results may have occurred.
The results showed that when participants were given three choices instead of two, they were much more hesitant to commit to a decision. This could be do to a number of factors like having more options can cause people to doubt their confidence in a product.
What is the definition of inductive reasoning?
Based off a given statement, the conclusion is probably true.