Encoding
This type of learning strategy, where you space out your learning instead of cramming at the last minute, typically yields better retention over a longer period of time.
What is the spacing effect?
When referencing the alphabet, Betty easily remembers the order of “A-B-C” but must think about it when asked to start with the letter “Q” for “Q-R-S”. What explains why we have better recall for early list items?
What is the primacy effect?
This theory suggests memory fades/erodes over time.
What is decay theory?
The groupings we form of similar items or objects.
What are categories?
This level of processing emphasizes the meaning of words rather than their sound or appearance.
What is semantic processing?
Garrett struggles to remember the phone number of the cute girl he just met at the party. He can only remember the last 4 digits that she gave him, so he has to go back and ask again. What explains why we have better recall for later list items?
What is the recency effect?
You see a list of words “bed, rest, tired, exhausted” but incorrectly recall “sleep” being part of the original list, even though it was not. This is an example of what?
What is the DRM procedure?
“All cats have four legs.” What view/approach to categorization is represented here?
What is the definitional view?
Roberto studies by relating concepts to his own life experiences and ultimately remembers them more easily on the exam than he did when he tried to memorize the definition. What processing strategy is he using?
What is the self-reference effect?
Kristen remembers how to ride a bike, but she cannot verbally explain how she does it when asked to recall it in a research study. What type of implicit memory is likely being studied?
What is procedural memory?
“See this photo of you at the Lake County Fair in the hot air balloon? You have absolutely been in a hot air balloon before!” You have no recollection of it. Until the third time you are asked. This is an example of what?
What are false memories?
A robin is identified faster as a bird than a penguin. What categorical effect is represented here?
What is the typicality effect?
Lydia prefers to study in a quiet room and performs best when taking her quiz in a similar quiet environment. Why does this occur?
What is encoding specificity / context-dependent memory?
The piece of information that helps us access a specific memory is called.
What is a retrieval cue?
Carla wakes up angry with her partner because she remembers them flirting with another girl in from of her. After thinking about it, she’s not sure if that happened in real life or if she had a dream about it in her sleep. What type of memory error is this an example of?
What is a source monitoring error?
Instead of learning that each make of car has four wheels (ex. Toyota, Tesla, BMW, Hyundai, etc.), you store that information at the node level for “car” rather than the links for “Toyota”. Which concept best describes this storage of knowledge?
What is Semantic Memory Network?
Two students study the same material. One rereads notes; the other tests themselves repeatedly. The second performs better. Why?
What is the testing effect?
This level of processing is the most shallow, according to Craik & Tulving (1975).
What is orthographic processing?
A person’s memory of an accident changes after being asked, “How fast were the cars going when they smashed?” This is an example of what type of memory error?
What is the misinformation effect?
While participating in a research study on language, Elise is asked to decide whether a string of letters is a real word. She responds faster to related words than to unrelated words. What task is this evidence of?
What is a lexical decision task?