Memory
What are the three stages of the memory process?
Sensory memory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory
Cognition is the term used to describe...
Thinking! ...the way we process information
-being aware of info
-making decisions abot info
-comparing info to other info
-problem solving
Why is intelligence so challenging for scientists to explain?
There is no single answer and what is considered to be intelligenec changes depending on their culture.
What is the term for practicing something over and over again in your head to better remember it?
Maintenance rehearsal
Why is semantic encoding important?
When we give information meaning, it is easier to store/retrieve
What is memory? Define.
an “active system” that collects information from your senses, converts it into a usable form, organizes, stores, and then retrieves the information later
What is a concept?
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, etc.
(starts with a prototype)
How do we define intelligence (for the sake of this class)?
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively to adapt to new situations or to problem solve.
What is the technique we can use to better encode information through clumping them together?
Chunking
When does the consolodation (sorting & storing) of memories most likely occur?
While we are sleeping
What happens when information is encoded?
Sensory information is "translated" into something meaningful and/or recognizable.
What is it called when an individual has a block in problem solving, resulting in the inability to use an object for something other than its intended purpose?
Functional Fixedness
What are the three theories on intelligence you looked at in class called?
Spearman's 2-factor Theory, Gardner's Theory on Multiple Intelligences, Sternberg's Triarchtic Theory
Why is it easier to retrieve memory when we are in the same environment where we learned the information?
(ie: take test in same room you learned information)
Why are retrieval cues helpful in retrieving information?
They allow us to retrieve information easier by thinking about meaning, how it relates, and provides a "clue" for whatever we are trying to remember.
When asked to retrieve information from memory, does using recall or recognition techniques show better understanding? Why?
Recall - no additional cues/prompting necessary
Name the four problem solving strategies we talked about in class.
Trial & error, algorithms, heuristics, insight
(you should be able to explain them for your test)
What is emotional intelligence, and how could it impact your chosen career?
The awareness of and ability to manage emotions, be self-motivated, and have empathy for others.
Employers with "people facing" jobs look for individuals with high emotional intelligence.
Do memories change?
Yes! Everytime we retrieve information, something is altered unintentionally.
(news - we may store something we saw or heard on the news as our own memory of the experieince)
Explain confirmation bias.
Our tendency to search for information which confirms our current theory, disregarding contradictory evidence.
What is amnesia? Explain both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
Inability to retrieve memories
Retrograde - memory loss from before injury/trauma
Anterograde - memory loss from after injury/trauma
What is the difference between convergent thinking and divergent thinking?
Convergent - all ways of thinking lead to one possible answer
Divergent - thinking leads to many possible solutions
According to Sternberg's Triarchtic Theory, what are individuals' three kinds of intelligence? Explain.
Analytical - "book smarts"
Creative - imaginative, etc.
Practical - "street smarts"
Why is selective attention important for memory formation?
"Decides" what is important enough to hold on to and store
We may not store the "important" stuff, instead focusing on information that may not be helpful
Long term memory is made up of many parts. What are they?
Declarative (explicit) memory - episodic, semantic
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory - procedural memory (and emotional conditioning)