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What is cohesion?
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical connection between words, sentences, and parts of a text.
What is coherence?
Coherence is the logical organization and overall meaning of a text.
What are cohesive devices?
Cohesive devices are language features that connect parts of a text, such as pronouns, conjunctions, repetition, and lexical links.
What is repetition, and why do writers use it?
Repetition is the reuse of important words. It helps maintain the topic and emphasize key ideas.
What are lexical links? Give an example.
Lexical links are connections between words with related meanings. For example, “book,” “reading,” and “library.”
How do pronouns help create cohesion in a text?
Pronouns refer to people or things already mentioned, helping avoid unnecessary repetition.
What is the function of conjunctions in a paragraph?
Conjunctions connect ideas and express relationships such as addition, contrast, cause, and result.
What logical relationship does the conjunction “because” express?
“Because” expresses a reason or cause.
What is the function of “although” in a sentence?
“Although” introduces a contrast or a situation that contrasts with the main idea.
In the sentence “Maya wanted to help her community, so she organized a book collection,” what does “she” refer to?
“She” refers to Maya.
As a result, the school collected more than 200 books and delivered them to a local community center.” what does the pronoun “them” refer to, and how does it help connect the text?
Them” refers to the collected books. It avoids repeating “books” and connects the final action to the earlier sentences.
Maya wanted to help her community, so she organized a book collection at her school. What relationship does “so” express in the sentence about Maya organizing a book collection?
“So” expresses a result: Maya wanted to help, and therefore she organized a book collection.
In the sentence “Although some students were busy, they still contributed,” what does “although” express?
“Although” expresses contrast: the students were busy, but they contributed anyway.
How can repeating an important word help readers understand a text?
Repetition reminds readers of the main topic and connects different parts of the text.
What is the difference between grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion?
Grammatical cohesion uses grammatical features such as pronouns and conjunctions. Lexical cohesion uses repeated words and words related in meaning.
What is the main difference between cohesion and coherence?
Cohesion connects language, while coherence connects ideas and meaning.
Why are cohesion and coherence important in translation?
They help the translator preserve meaning, logical relationships, and natural flow.
Why is word-for-word translation sometimes unsuccessful?
Word-for-word translation can produce unnatural expressions, unclear references, or incorrect sentence structures.
Should a translator always preserve the original sentence structure? Why or why not?
No. A translator may change the structure to follow the grammar and style of the target language while preserving the original meaning.
How can a translator make a text sound more natural in the target language?
By choosing natural expressions, adapting word order, and following the grammatical conventions of the target language.
May a translator change or omit a pronoun?
Some languages allow pronouns to be omitted or expressed differently without losing the intended meaning.
What should a translator preserve when changing conjunctions or sentence order?
The translator should preserve the intended meaning and logical relationships between ideas.
What is the difference between preserving the exact words and preserving the meaning of a text?
Preserving exact words means following the original wording closely. Preserving meaning means communicating the same ideas naturally, even when the wording changes.
Can a text have cohesion but still lack coherence? Explain your answer.
Yes. A text may contain pronouns and conjunctions but still present ideas that do not make logical sense together.
In the Russian translation, why was “help her community” translated as «помочь людям в своём районе» instead of translating each word literally?
The expression is adapted to sound natural in Russian while preserving the intended idea of helping the local community.