8 proxy wars
Put the proxy wars in chronological order based off when they started
[Nicaraguan.Revolution] [Vietnam War][Angolan Civil War] [Congo Civil War/ Congo Conflict] [Cuban Revolution] [Chilean coup d`etat] [Afghanistan][Korean War]
①[Korean War] ②[Cuban Revolution] ③[Vietnam War] ④[Congo Civil War/ Congo Conflict] ⑤[Nicaraguan.Revolution] ⑥ [Chilean coup d`etat]⑦[Angolan Civil War] ⑧[Afghanistan]
K. Cu. Viet. Congoo; Ni Chi Ango Afg
After Congo won its independence from what country did two political parties formed, whose leaders were Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu?
**What is Lumumba's attitude towards Belgium & colonialism?**
After the wealthy region of ___ succeeded and troops came in, fears of a comeback of colonial rule reemerged.
Which leader asked for UN peacekeeping troops? Were they effective? What happened next?
Who eventually took control of the country and executed Lumumba? did the US or USSR support him?
-Belgium
-_Katanga_
-Lumumba; not effective; asked for Soviet Aid
-Congo's army commander, Mobutu; US
1979- Afghanistan's ___-friendly leader was assassinated. What did the Soviet Union do?
What resistance movement did the US support? How, what did the groups do?
Who ended up withdrawing? What later happened to this nation?
Why did the Soviet Union even care about Afghanistan?
-_Soviet_; intervened militarily & installed a Soviet loyalist (control of gov't)
-mujahideen; US funded and provided weapons (Stinger missile shot helicoopters), which were used to wage guerrilla warfare against the gov't.
-Soviet Union; collapsed
-Within sphere of influence+bordered; couldn't risk it turning to US after the Soviet-friendly leader was killed
When Kim was growing up, how was ___ occupation of Korea affecting Koreans?
What group did Kim join? How was he viewed & what name did he gain?
Where did Kim find refuge?
_Japanese_; J occupation was very harsh; there was ethnic cleansing, attempts to get rid of the Korean language; resistance = torture or death
-a communist guerrilla group against Japan; Kims success made him be viewed as a "heroic freedom fighter"; Kim Il-Sung="become the sun"
-In the Soviet Union; USSR liked the resistance against Japan
What does the Doomsday clock represent?
Where was the Doomsday clock first depicted?
Who gets to decide the Clock's position?
-How close humanity is to a global catastrophe
-In a magazine cover for a scientific organization
-The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists's Science and Security Board
After WWII, how did the US and USSR divide the Korean Peninsula?
Why did Kim Il Sung start civil war? Which side was he even on?
Why did the US help ___ Korea and how did they help?
Why did the USSR help ___ Korea and how did they help?
-USSR gets North (above a certain line), and US gets South (below that line)
-Kim Il Sung invaded South Korea ( he was on N.Korea side) in hopes of being able to reunite Korea as one and have control over the peninsula
-US helped _South_; wanted to contain Communist N.Korea expansion, did so by sending resources and being militarily involved
-USSR helped _North_; didn't publicly say they were part/ supporting, but did provide milit. aid bc of communist ties and closeness to USSR territory
(Congo continued)
Why and how did the US help __'s faction?
How did the USSR help Lumumba?
What is so important about Congo geographically?
-_Kasa-vubu_; wanted to connect Congo to the West, bring order and shape to gov't, (also didn't like Lumumba's communist ties); Sent milit. advisors+aid
-Sent milit. advisors and economic aid
-Rich in natural resources, access to them is good for a country's economy; it can be a good foothold for Africa region
Cambodia once was the ___ ____, an empire that covered much of mainland South East Asia. However, it shrank due to?
In 1863, the ___ ___ fell under which European country's colonial rule, eventually regaining independence in 1953 from the crumbling authority of this country there and in the surrounding area?
_Khmer_ _Kingdom_; Other countries (Viet.+Siam) growth/ expansion
_Khmer_ _Kingdom_ ; France('s)
What does Kim learn from Joseph Stalin?
How was Korea divided after WWII?
Why was Kim chosen by the Soviets to have a key position in North Korea?
-Kim has respect for him, learns 1.How to rise to power (need brutality @ beginning for mass compliance) 2. how to deal with opponents 3. how to maintain power BONUS! cult or personality, recognized Stalin's mage of the father of nation + use of fear
-N. Korea, Soviet Union, S. Korea, US
-Kim could carry out Soviet objectives, he was a liason between Soviets&Koreans, he had Charisma & interpersonal skills ** when Kim calmed down a protest against Soviet influence, Soviets were impressed and gave him power in puppet gov't
What type of events bring the clock closer to 12, and what type further from 12?
Did the Arms race bring the clock closer or further to 12? how about the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty?
-Races towards weapon advancements, tense wars/battles, miscommunications that can result in danger,etc; Treaties, conferences, endings of oppressive systems, etc
-Closer; further
Cuban milit. Officer _Batista/Castro_ launched a coup and became Cuba's head of state. This individual's regima was backed by the ___ ___, but was attacked by ___'s rebels.
Castro eventually came to power, and how did he try to appear to the US's public?
Why didn't the US like Castro's rule?
-_Batista_
-_United_ _States_; _Castro_
-Tried to appear friendly and favorable, showing respect to the US and a willingness to a partnership
-Castro was a communist
After US occupation in Nicaragua ended, ____ family dynasty came into power which was/wasn't supported by the US. What is one good thing and one bad thing done by the family?
What was the opposition group? What kind of neighboring gov'ts helped them? What kind of campaign did they launch against the gov't?
After years of bloody conflict, did the group get control? Who was the new gov't backed by? Who were the contras?
Why how did the US help ___ & ___?
When and how did the USSR help the ___ gov't?
-_Somoza_; was ; increased economic development, a politically corrupt regime.
-Sandinistas; communist; guerilla
-Yes; backed by Soviet Union; A group of exiled Somoza forces, some that were trained by US, and attacked the new gov't
-_Somoza_ & _contras_; wanted to get rid of communism, especially in sphere of influence; funded and trained, but they stopped after Iran-Contra Affair bc public didn't like US selling arms to Iranian gov't to fund contras
-_Sandinista_; when contras became a thing, Soviet Union poured money to sustain the government
Who were the Khmer Rouge inspired by?
What did they adopt/believe in, and what did they reject?
-Mao Zedong
-ADOPT/BELIEVE: agrarian ideology, strict one-party rule, collective farming, self-reliance & intense nationalism
-REJECT: urban+Western ideas, private property (basically communists wanting things 'the old way')
How did Kim gain the people's support?
--not sure yet--
What convinced the Soviets to leave N. Korea?
-By gaining their trust/pleasing the masses; LAND REFORM=peasants were given free land, got a sense of pride&ownership,, 70% population happy
--
-Kim proved he could defend, he developed an army, Soviets believed he had a firm hold on the country
What are some current factors as to why the Doomsday clock is at 89 seconds to midnight?
-Nuclear Risk~wars that can become nuclear & more countries being able to make their own nuclear weapons
-Climate Change~If nothing happens, the whole planet is doomed
-Biological Threats~ new diseases and reemerging ones~AI allows terrorists to design bio. weapons w/o countermeasures
How did the US attack Cuba, and why did they?
Why is the Cuban Missile Crisis important?
How was the Soviet Union involved?
-Tried to assassinate Castro & undermine the regime, the Invasion Bay of Pigs; US didn't like the proximity of communism and Cuba's friendlyness with Soviets
-Could have ended in a Nuclear war; USSR brought nuclear missiles extremely close to US (still in Cuba territory), US did a blockade in Cuba in response, 13 tense days until gov'ts worked it out
-Soviets not publicly involved, but did trade and aid Cuba, and USSR weapons were allowed into Cuba to allegadely deter invasion attempts (like bay of pigs)
In 1970, Salvador ___, a socialist politician was elected what in Chile? What did he try to do?
Was he popular all the time, or only at some point? Did the US like him?
The US supported the Chilean __ which launched a coup against...? but the guy did what? Who was later in power, did the US like him?
Explain US involvement.
Explain Soviet Involvement.
_Allende_; Prez; Industrialize industries (like coal, copper, banks, etc.)
-Beginning popular; his reforms not liked by all, US didn't like them
-_Military_; Allende, killed self before they got to him; (augusto) Pinochet, a military dictator that was friendly with US
-No direct intervention, BUT: CIA attempted to stop Allende's election, encourage coup, supported Pinochet
-Supported Allende & pledged political and economic aid; didn't help Allende tho
*Understand that the war from Vietnam spilled into Cambodia, and sparked fighting to regain Cambodia and tension*
How did the Khmer Rouge come to power?
-As war progressed, K.R. forces grew in # and in capability because bombing in East Cambodia spread a desire to fight back, and join the insurgents. The K.R. was aided by North Vietnam & China, a leader's call to arms, and a resentment to corruption
Why did Kim invade South Korea?
What did Kim not expect?
Who does Kim get support from?
How does the US employ a "scorched earth policy"?
-Wanted the entire Korean peninsula united under one gov't
-That US cares about South Korea, and that it would lead UN forces to counterattack
-China mainly, militarily, the Soviet Union too
-Mass bombings on everything, tens of thousands died
Who had spies during to cold war? US, USSR, both?
What kind of information did spies get/ trade?
What are some motives of spies?
-Both
-Military information = documents about new tech, a country's plans, knowledge of a country's security, etc
-Ideology (were communist or against the Soviet Union) or money
After WWII, Vietnamese soldiers were inspired by decolonization to drive the ___ out. Vietnam then broke into ___ Vietnam, which was communist, and ___ Vietnam, which was US-supported.
US feared the spread of communism, so they did what in 1964 that increased hostility?
What kind of warfare occurred? Who helped North Vietnam? Who won?
How did the US help South Vietnam? What were the results?
How and why did the USSR help North Vietnam?
-_French_;_North_;_South_
-Increased military presence
-guerrilla warfare; Soviet Union & China; N. Viet.
-Sent loads of soldiers/troops; thousands died & because of gov't being misleading about success, US citizens lost trust and protested
-Provided funding & advisors/de facto troops; bc liked the spread/internationalizing of Soviet Union ideology
What is Angola rich in?
After Angola gained independence from Portugal, what two political parties were formed and who supported them?
What did those two parties do?
Who ended up winning?
‿︵‿︵‿︵‿︵‿︵‿
How was the US involved?
How was the Soviet Union involved?
-Natural resources, like oil!!!
-People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)--Cuba&Soviet Union; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)--South Africa&US.
-fight
-MPLA
‿︵
-Not directly involved, didn't want another Vietnam, but also didn't want communism in South Africa. Also worried about Soviet Union setting up military bases. So, financially supported UNITA&encouraged it to use milit. rather than a negotiated settlement.
-Financial and political support to MPLA, bc Cuba was Soviet ally and Cuba was friends with Angola
-
Describe what the K.R. did: generalizing what they did when they entered Phnom Penh, "Day One", the new policies, how "disloyal people" were treated, etc.
Compare to Communist China & Soviets
**Remember that US made public statements denouncing the K.R.'s attrocities, but there was no action to help**
-Forced people out of cities to work in the countryside, stripped people of traditional family systems in favor of communal ones, everyone dressed the same, religion (Buddhism) labeled as parasitic, being educated/wealthy/religious/etc = enemy, "disloyals" were to be weeded out & murdered
-Similar to Stalin's 5 yr plan, KR had 4 yr plan. 4 yr plan had collectivized agriculture, no industrialization quota by RICE quota! Unprepared people were expected to farm tons of rice. Result=similar to Mao's famine
What 3 key things did Kim do after the war to deal with critics/criticism?
What were the messages of the propaganda?
How was the caste system made & what makes up the daily routine of a North Korean?
Why is the Kim family considered living Gods, who would succeed Kim, and how did Kim try to extend his life?
1) shifted the blame on rivals (claiming other communists in the gov't collabed w/ US, they were exiled/executed)
2)Used Propaganda to change the story
-Messages: US are savages, they started the war, "we won" because US asked for a ceasefire. Kim was the father of the nation&loved
-The secret police would gather personal intel on everyone and use that data for the rigid caste system, where most aspects of an individual's life are determined. If you were unreliable, you lived in the countryside, or were even sent to Gulags/consentration camps
-DailyRoutine=8hrs sleep, 8hrs work, 8hrs study<-2 hrs would be indoctrination study. food also rationed
-Kim created religion & myth (propaganda basically) around the Kim family, his oldest son (unusual for communism), created the Longevity Research Institute and was carefully taken care of & spent time with kids (died @ 82)