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CV Anatomy
CV Physiology
Clinical Skills
Pulm Physiology
Pulm Anatomy
100
Because myocardiocytes are well connected by these structures, the heart is termed a syncytium.
What are intercalated disks (with desmosomes and gap junctions).
100
End diastolic volume minus end systolic volume gives this value.
What is stroke volume.
100
These are the four basic elements of the physical exam (esp. regarding the lungs and heart).
What is inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
100
The following three volumes (inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume) form this respiratory capacity.
What is the vital capacity.
100
This structure is the left lung's homologue to the middle lobe of the right lung. (Hint: Its name means "little tongue" in Latin.)
What is the lingula.
200
This structure dumps deoxygenated blood from the myocardium into the right atrium.
What is the coronary sinus.
200
Ionotropic medications alter this function of the heart.
What is contractility.
200
A patient struggling to breathe may adopt this body position.
What is tripoding or the tripod position.
200
"Fick's Law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is directly proportional to the area of the sheet and the partial pressure against it, and inversely proportional to _________ ."
What is the thickness of the sheet. - Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials, 8th ed. (Ch. 3, p.26) (Possible wrong answer: Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.)
200
This is also termed, more descriptively, "the bifurcation of the trachea."
What is the carina.
300
The auricles of the heart serve this function.
What is: increase the capacities of the atria.
300
Normal Starling forces in the capillaries result in these mechanisms at either end of a capillary.
What is proximal filtration and distal reabsorption.
300
This is the universal sign of distress in babies.
What is grunting.
300
This clinical term is used to describe the condition resulting from hypoventilation, diffusion limitation, shunt, or ventilation-perfusion inequality.
What is hypoxemia.
300
Name the two "dead spaces" and the main difference between them.
What is... a) [Anatomic dead space] The volume of the conducting airways ("Because the conducting airways contain no alveoli and therefore take no part in gas exchange, they constitute the anatomic dead space." -West p.2) b) [Physiologic dead space] The anatomic dead space + the volume of non-functioning respiratory airways = the volume of lung that does not eliminate CO2.
400
This is the pathway of electrical conduction throughout the heart from "the pacemaker" to the ventricular walls.
What is SA node -> internodal pathways -> AV node -> AV bundle -> bundle of His (left and right bundle branches) -> Purkinje fibers
400
Atherosclerotic plaques can cause narrowing of a blood vessel to the point that flow is reduced through the vessel. Distal to the narrowing, the shear forces of turbulent blood flow disrupts the tunica intima of the vessel, releasing this hormone for what effect on the blood pressure.
What is endothelin to increase blood pressure.
400
Thoroughly describe the physical examination method(s) used to detect fremitus in the patient. (Don't forget: what do you have the patient say?)
The patient repeats "toy boat" as the examiner stands behind the seated patient. The examiner places the palms/heels/medial border of his/her hands along the paravertebral spaces, beginning at the top of the lungs and moving inferiorly, feeling for equal, nonacoustic vibrations bilaterally. There are 3 paravertebral locations for palpation, as well as 4th location over the serratus anterior.
400
Increasing the speed of gas flow rate above optimal during mechanical ventilation may limit this.
What is diffusion.
400
TWO PART QUESTION - TWO ANSWERS REQUIRED This is the a) the embryologic germ layer that gives rise to the visceral and parietal pleura and b) the space between the pleura.
What is a) the [splanchnic] mesoderm and b) the pleura cavity.
500
From cranial to caudal, these are the five segments of the embryonic heart tube before folding.
What is 1) aortic roots 2) bulbus cordis 3) ventricle 4) atrium 5) sinus venosus
500
These are the six slopes as identified on the Wiggers diagram. (see image)
What is (from top to bottom): 1) aortic pressure 2) atrial pressure 3) ventricular pressure 4) ventricular volume 5) electrocardiogram 6) phonocardiogram (heart sounds)
500
***DOUBLE DAILY DOUBLE*** [both teams must participate AND first wager an amount] These are the main auscultory areas on the anterior chest, the specific anatomical location of each, and the related heart valve.
What is 1) Aortic area: 2nd ICS on the right - aortic valve 2) Pulmonic area: 2nd ICS on the left - pulmonary valve 3) Right ventricular area: left sternal border - tricuspid valve 4) Left ventricular area: 5th ICS on left over apex/PMI - mitral valve
500
These are the two categories of lung disease and the direction of alteration of functional residual capacity in each.
What is... a) obstructive lung disease: increased FRC b) restrictive lung disease: decreased FRC
500
***DOUBLE DAILY DOUBLE*** [both teams must participate AND first wager an amount] These are the 6 layers of fluid/tissue/cell types that O2 must diffuse through in order to pass from within the alveolus to the capillary lumen.
What is... 1) surfactant-containing fluid coating the alveolar wall 2) alveolar epithelium 3) epithelial basement membrane 4) interstitial space between 3) and 5) 5) capillary basement membrane 6) capillary endothelial membrane