Childhood language impairments
-Difficulties learning, using symbols, and understanding text
-Affects 3% of people
What is a learning disability?
-Means "without language"
-Affects listening, speaking, reading, and writing
-Affects 1 million Americans
What is Aphasia?
- Fluent or hyperfluent speech with no meaning
- Poor auditory and visual comprehension due to damage near the occipital lobe
- Speech is effortless but meaning is impaired
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
- Slow, labored speech and writing
- Short sentences with agrammatism
- Anomia
- Articulation and phonological errors
- Problems with imitation
What is Broca's Aphasia
The most common cause of aphasia
What is a stroke?
- Disturbances in responses to sensory stimuli, development rates, speech/language/nonverbal communication, social skills and relationships
- Severe end of the Persuasive Developmental Disorders continuum
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
-Characterized by substantial limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
-Memory and retrieval is poor and slow
-Originates before age 18
What is an Intellectual Disability?
- Characterized by naming difficulties
- Severe anomia in speech and writing
- Fluent spontaneous speech marred by word-retrieval difficulty due to damage at the convergence of the parietal and temporal lobes
What is Anomic Aphasia?
Language processing occurs in this hemisphere for 98% of people
What is the left hemisphere?
Includes TBIs, strokes, congenital malformation, convulsive disorders, and encephalopathy
What are brain injuries?
-Deficits resulting from right cerebral damage
-Damage to nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information
-Changes in personality and unusual behavior
-Often difficulty using the left side of the body
What is Right Hemisphere Brain Damage?
- Caused by damage between the Wernicke's and Broca's areas
- Poor repetitive or imitative speech and auditory comprehension
- Damage between where language is formulated and where speech is formulated
What is Conduction Aphasia?
- Severely impaired speech is characteristic of damage to the motor cortex
- Good verbal imitative abilities
- Impaired speech in conversation and auditory comprehension
- Affected area may go well below the surface of the brain
What is Transcortical Motor Aphasia?
The amount of stroke patients that become aphasic each year
What is 100,000 or about 1/3 of stroke patients?
- Caused by parents' drug/alcohol use
- Hyperactivity and attention issues
- Motor problems, delayed oral language, language deficits, behind peers in reading and academics
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Drug Exposed Children?
-Split into Cortical or Subcortical categories
-Memory problems; visuospatial, auditory, and naming deficits, issues problem solving
-Examples include Alzheimer's, Pick's, Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis
What is Dementia?
- Fluent, expressive speech
- Caused by lesions deep in the brain without the involvement of the cortex
- Repetition and auditory and reading comprehension are relatively unaffected
- Paraphasia and neologisms common
What is Subcortical Aphasia?
The inability to understand emotions and emotional language
What is aprosodia?
- Characterized by absence of all other possible disorders
- Processing, memory, and language deficiencies
What is Specific Language Impairment?
What connects the Broca's and Wernicke's areas to send programming information to the motor cortex?
What is the arcuate fascicules?
- Caused by damage in the temporal area near Wernicke's area
- Brain damage seems to isolate language areas from other areas of cortical control
- Poor auditory comprehension due to damage to the gyrus
- Lack of nouns and severe anomia
What is Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?
- Profound language impairments in all modalities
- Associated with a large, deep lesion involving both anterior speech and posterior language areas of the left hemisphere
- Limited spontaneous expressive ability of a few words; comprehension limited to single words or short phrases
What is Global/Mixed Aphasia?
When symptoms of aphasia or apraxia occur in the right hemisphere instead of the left
What is crossed aphasia/apraxia?