Nasals
Regions of antiresonance in a nasal murmur
Oral cavity and sinus cavities/tubelettes
Which fricative, /f/ or /s/, is going to have a higher peak frequency and why?
/f/ has a higher peak frequency because /f/ has a smaller front cavity than /s/
What is voice onset time (VOT)? Which type of stop is going to have a longer VOT and why?
The time between the burst and the onset of voicing (the vowel)
Voiceless stops have a longer VOT because:
1) they have an aspiration interval
2) they have a longer burst and frication interval
Smaller cavities yield higher/lower frequencies
What is F1 related to?
What is F2 related to?
F1 is inversely related to tongue height
F2 is directly related to tongue advancement
Regions of resonance in nasalization/nasalized vowels
Oral cavity and nasal cavity
Name the different spectral measurements used to distinguish fricative spectra:
1) peak frequency
2) dynamic range
3) spectral moments
1) closure interval/silent interval
2) burst
3) frication interval
4) aspiration interval
1) closure interval/silent interval
2) burst
3) REALLY LONG frication interval
x-axis: time
y-axis: frequency
z-axis: amplitude
How many resonances do nasalized vowels (nasalization) have?
Two (one resonance is from the oral cavity and one is from the nasal cavity)
Source for fricative acoustics
Turbulent airflow through a narrow constriction
True/false: We can determine the place of articulation of a stop consonant based off of the shape of the stop spectra
True
Put the following sounds in order from shortest to longest: affricates, stops, fricatives
Shortest: stops
Middle: affricates
Longest: fricatives
Darkness of the shading
True/false: The velopharyngeal port is raised when nasal sounds (nasal murmurs and nasalization) are produced
Define mixed source. What type of fricative has a mixed source and what are the two sources?
Mixed source implies that a sound is made with more than one source
Voiced fricatives have a mixed source. The two sources are:
1) the aperiodic, turbulent airflow through a narrow constriction in the oral cavity
2) the periodic pressure wave generated by vocal fold vibration
What is the region of resonance in stop acoustics? What is the region of antiresonance in stop acoustics?
Antiresonance is in the back cavity
Describe the airflow in the lateral /l/ sound
Air flows out of both sides of the tongue
What are the three important factors for digital speech analysis?
1) sampling rate
2) filtering
3) bits (quantization)
Why do nasalized vowels (nasalization) have weaker amplitude than non-nasalized vowels?
Nasalized vowels are weaker in amplitude due to the fact that they have antiresonance, which is not present in vowel sounds.
What type of fricatives have more energy?
Sibilant fricatives, which are the fricatives that must overcome an additional obstacle in the oral cavity
Location of the turbulence during the aspiration interval
The glottis
In the lateral /l/ sound, which formant is most impacted by antiresonance?
F3
Where should we measure vowel formants on a spectrogram?
The temporal middle