Anatomy
This is the most common type of ASD, and the hole is located in the region of the Foramen Ovale.
What is osteum secundum defect?
A loud pan-systolic murmur at the lower left sternal edge is the classic sign of this specific defect.
What is a small Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
In Tetralogy of Fallot, a chest X-ray typically shows a small heart with an up-tilted apex, producing this classic appearance.
What is a boot-shaped heart?
This physical position is used to increase venous return during a hypercyanotic spell.
What is the knee-to-chest position?
Patients with VSDs must maintain good dental hygiene and avoid body piercings to prevent this infection.
What is infective endocarditis?
This structure fails to close by 1 month after the estimated date of delivery due to a defect in its constrictor mechanism.
What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
A continuous machinery murmur also associated with an increased pulse pressure.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
In Transposition of the Great Arteries, a chest X-ray reveals a narrow vascular pedicle, creating this specific appearance of the cardiac shadow.
What is an "egg on side" appearance?
In a hypercyanotic spell, this intravenous medication relieves right ventricle outflow obstruction.
What is IV propranolol?
This complication occurs when long-standing left-to-right shunting causes pulmonary hypertension, eventually leading the shunt to reverse.
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
In this condition, the Aorta is connected to the Right ventricle, and the Pulmonary artery is connected to the Left ventricle.
What is Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?
These sudden episodes of cyanosis, breathlessness, irritability, and pallor can cause MI, cerebrovascular accidents, or death if left untreated.
What are hypercyanotic spells?
Decreased pulmonary vascular markings on a chest X-ray in Tetralogy of Fallot caused by reduced pulmonary blood flow.
What is oligaemic lung field?
Medical management for Transposition of the Great Arteries mandates this infusion to maintain the PDA.
What is prostaglandin?
In a large VSD, this complication manifests as suck-rest-suck cycles while the baby is breastfeeding.
What is heart failure?
These are the four cardinal anatomical features of Tetralogy of Fallot.
What are a large VSD, overriding of the Aorta, Subpulmonary stenosis, and Right ventricular hypertrophy?
Recurrent chest infections, poor feeding and growth faltering are manifestations of this group of heart conditions in children.
What are left to right shunts?
An ECG of a 2-month-old infant with a large VSD will typically show this finding.
What is biventricular hypertrophy?
For a hemodynamically significant PDA in a preterm infant, 3 doses of this intravenous NSAID are given 12-24 hours apart to induce closure.
What is indomethacin?
A large VSD carries a risk for this specific complication involving the aortic valve.
What is aortic valve prolapse with regurgitation?
A rare and complex congenital heart defect where there are 4 or more multiple small holes in the muscular wall separating the ventricles.
What is a Swiss cheese VSD?
Central cyanosis becomes evident when the systemic arterial concentration of deoxygenated Hemoglobin exceeds this amount.
What is 5g/dL?
The ECG of a patient with a partial AVSD (primum ASD) will typically show this specific axis deviation.
What is a superior axis (or left axis deviation)?
This procedure done in TGA uses a catheter to tear the atrial septum and make the foramen ovale incompetent.
What is a Balloon Atrial Septostomy (aka Rashkind Procedure)?
Treatment for an ASD is usually performed at 3 to 5 years of age to prevent this specific event that can lead to a stroke.
What is a paradoxical embolism?