Ch. 7 - Organizing & Outlining
Phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but-connected idea to another.
Transitional Statements.
How long the introduction should be as a % of the total speech time.
10-15%.
The specialized language of a group or profession.
Jargon
Three types of propositions (questions) around which persuasive speeches are built.
Fact, Value, Policy.
An argument in which the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusions.
Deductive reasoning
A brief tribute to a person or event
toast
“Expresses both the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve”
Specific Purpose Statement
What should NOT be included in the conclusion.
Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another. “...battered by storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.”
Metaphor
Greek term for the audience’s perception of you as a speaker is influential in determining whether or not they will choose to accept your proposition.
Ethos
A flaw or error in reasoning.
Fallacy
Introduces the main speaker at an event and inspires the audience to listen to that speaker.
Speech of introduction
Refers to main points that are worded using the same structure, perhaps by starting with a common introductory clause
Parallel Structure
Four functions of the speech introduction
Gain attention and interest of audience.
Establish credibility and goodwill.
Relate the topic to the audience.
Preview the body of the speech.
Make comparisons by using the word “like” or “as.” “No, no we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.”
Simile
Greek term for the argument that focuses on the reasons for supporting your specific purpose statement.
Logos.
Fallacy where the conclusion is assumed to be bad because the arguments are bad. Example" The new employee is too quiet and has no sense of style. We should fire him.
bad reasons fallacy (argumentum ad logicam)
Speeches that pay special accolades to an occasion, extraordinary person, event, idea, or monument.
Commemorative speeches and tributes.
The three general purposes of speeches.
To inform, to persuade, to entertain (to inspire, celebrate, mourn)
Two functions of the speech conclusion.
Prepare the audience for the end of the speech.
Reinforce the thesis/central idea or message.
“I challenge them to put hope in their brains and not dope in their veins.”
“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
Antithesis
Three parts of a basic argument (Toulmin model).
Claim, Data, Warrant.
Fallacy that involves a substitution of parties. For example: Chris told police that a red-haired woman stole her car. Ginny is a red-haired woman. Therefore, Chris told police that Ginny stole her car.
masked man fallacy (intensional fallacy)
A speech that represents the essential or common theme of a convention, conference, or other large gathering.
What should be included on a preparation outline
Purposes (general, specific, thesis).
Complete introduction.
All main points, sub-points, sub-sub-points, etc. written as one complete sentence each.
All sources utilized in the speech (quotes and paraphrases).
Transitions before and after all points.
Complete conclusion.
Bibliography in APA or MLA format
Five of the attention getting strategies from the text.
Tell a story, refer to the occasion, refer to recent or historical events, refer to previous speeches, refer to personal interest, use startling statistics, use an analogy, use a quotation, ask a question, or use humor.
The use of moderate exaggeration for effect and is an acceptable and useful language strategy.
Hyperbole
Five steps included in Monroe's Motivated Sequence.
Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.
Four of the informal fallacies presented in the text.
Sweeping generalization, ad hominem, equivocation, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, appeal to ignorance, appeal to pity, begging the question, composition, division, false cause, red herring, slippery slope, strawman, false analogy,
Four guidelines for special occasion speeches.
Keep it short, acknowledge the obvious, stay positive, and use humor carefully