Communication
The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction (Adler, Rodman, & du Pre, 2017, p.5)
What is communication?
- Digital communication loses out on traditional nonverbal cues
- Traditional communication is not delayed
What is the difference between social media and face-to-face communication?
Interpreting experiences in-line with personal beliefs
What is selective perception?
“interaction with individuals from different cultures” (Gamble & Gamble, 2008, p 29)
What is intercultural communication?
A collection of symbols, governed by rules and used to convey messages between people
What is language?
Messages expressed through nonlinguistic means (e.g., tone of voice, gestures, appearance, movement, eye contact)
What is nonverbal communication?
The deliberate, psychological
process by which we receive, understand, and retain aural stimuli.
What is listening?
Linear - one way sender to receiver (Least Complex)
Interrelational - two-way sender to receiver
Transactional - continuous two-way sender to receiver including feedback, unintentional messages, and noise (Most Complex)
What are the 3 models of communication?
A strategy used to manage the impressions others have of one’s self by bolstering one’s own image
What is self-enhancement?
Selection, organization, and interpretation.
What are the three stages in the selection process?
The process of learning a different culture from what you were born into.
What is acculturation?
A word that possesses a subjective negative connotation.
What is a snarl word?
1. Repetition
2. Substitution
3. Complementing
4. Accenting
5. Regulating
6. Contradicting
7. Deceiving
What are the 7 functions of nonverbal communication?
1. Hearing
2. Attending
3. Understanding
4. Responding
5. Remembering
What are the 5 stages of listening?
- Intrapersonal (within the self)
- Dyadic/ Interpersonal (with others)
- Small Group (with a few others)
- Organizational (within an organization)
- Public (within those in proximity, but only some speak)
- Mass (large range audiences, TV, Social Media..)
What are the 6 types of communication?
How others behavior helps you identify a self-image
What is the look glass self?
A strategy that facilitates the organization of stimuli by enabling us to focus on different stimuli alternately
What is the figure-ground principle?
1. Assimilation: attempt to fit in with dominant culture
2. Accommodation: attempt to maintain own culture while learning dominant culture
3. Separation: resistance to dominant culture
What are the 3 strategies to adapt to a new culture?
The belief that language influences the way we experience the world.
What is linguistic relativism?
1. Kinesics
2. Paralanguage
3. Appearance
4. Haptics
5. Proxemics
6. Chronemics
What are the types of nonverbal communication?
A type of listening where the goal is to understand the message prior to evaluation.
What is analytical listening?
Physical (external), Physiological (biological), Psychological (mental), Semantic (diff. meanings between S/R)
What are the 4 types of noise?
A reflection of how parents treated their children present in current behaviors
- Secure (O+, S+)
- Dismissive (O-, S+)
- Fearful (O-, S-)
- Anxious-Resistant (O+, S-)
What are the four attachment styles?
A theory that explains how we organize and interpret experiences by applying cognitive structures called schemata
What is constructivism?
The idea that one's culture is better than another.
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that the labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and behavior.
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Emphasizes flexibility and pursuing multiple tasks at once.
What is polychronic?
Words that trigger emotional deafness,
dropping listening to zero.
What are red-flag words?
- Physical needs
- Identity needs
- Social needs
- Practical needs
What are the 4 functions of communication?
- We fulfill the expectations of others
What is the Pygmalion effect (social comparison)?
Proximity, closure and contrast/ similarity.
What are the rules for organization?
- Honeymoon
- Crisis
- Recovery
- Adjustment
What are the 4 stages of culture shock?
Substitution of a mild or indirect word in place of a direct but less pleasant one
What are euphemisms?
Areas you are associated
with, but not owned by you.
What is secondary territories?
A type of non-listening where the receiver fills the gaps in conversation.
What is a completer?
- Dynamic
- Unrepeatable/ Irreversible
- No opposite
- Impacted by culture
- Impacted by ethics
- Competence-based
- Impacted by media/ technology
What is the principles of communication?
- Open area—self-containing information known both to the self and others
- Blind area—self-known to others but not known to one’s self
- Hidden area—contains information about the self known to oneself but that is hidden from others
- Unknown area—unknown to oneself and others
What is the Johari window?
- Selective Exposure: the tendency to expose oneself to information that reinforces thinking
- Closure: means we use to perceive a complete world
- Halo effect: when we like or love someone we tend to perceive primarily her or his positive qualities
- Horn effect: when our perception of another changes for the worse, we are more likely to see only her or his negative qualities
- Primacy effect: ability of one’s first impression to color subsequent impressions (Recency effect)
- Stereotypes: a generalization about people, places, events held by many members of society
- Allness: erroneous belief that any one person could know all there is to know about anything
- Blindering: process by which one unconsciously adds restrictions that limit one’s perceptual capabilities
- Self-serving bias: the tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts us in the most favorable manner (internal vs. external locus of control).
What are the perceptual barriers?
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Low vs. High Context
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- High vs. Low Power
- Masculine/competitive vs. Feminine/cooperative
What are the 5 cultural dialectics?
Accommodating one’s speaking style to another person
What is convergence?
Emphasizes punctuality, schedules, and being on time.
What is monochronic?
The difference between speaking and thinking rates (speak at rate of 125-150 wpm; think at rate of 500 wpm)
What is the speech-thought differential?