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Statistical Inference
Ethics
Pre-Midterm 1
Experimental Design
General Research Design
100
____________ can masquerade as an apparent effect of an experimental manipulation.
What is chance?
100
Don’t fabricate data. Don’t present others’ ideas as your own. Don’t take credit for work you didn’t actually do. Don’t interfere with the progress of the work of others. Don’t knowingly exaggerate the meaning or value of your work, or provide misleading interpretations to other scientists or the public. Treat your research participants respectfully, as people and not as objects to be exploited or otherwise used only for your benefit.
What are researchers' ethical obligations?
100
The simplest answer is most preferred.
What is the rule of parsimony?
100
Experiments are good for testing this kind of a relationship
What is a 'causal relationship'?
100
A research design in which data is collected at one point in time and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously
What is a cross-sectional correlational design?
200
When we fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false, we have made a ________________
What is a Type II error?
200
If the participants had all the information about what you are studying, this may change how they act, and this would lower the quality of the study and the resulting data.
What is a problem with 'informed consent'?
200
Snowball sampling Convenience sampling Volunteer sampling Subject Pools
What are non-probability sampling techniques?
200
Documenting association between proposed cause and presumed effect • Establishing that the proposed cause precedes the proposed effect in time. • Ruling out plausible alternative explanations for the association between proposed cause and proposed effect
What are the scientific criteria for establishing cause-effect relations?
200
A research design in which participants experience all versions of the manipulation
What is a 'within-participant' manipulation?
300
The probability of obtaining the result found if the null hypothesis is true
What is the 'p-value'?
300
Reviewing and monitoring research that uses human (and animal) participants to ensure that participants are treated ethically
What is the job of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
300
A single item on a survey that asks the participant to respond to multiple questions.
What is a double-barreled question?
300
A dimension of ecological validity, this is the similarity of the experimental stimuli/situation to the "real world" stimuli/situation of interest
What is mundane realism?
300
Assess temporal stability and change Assess developmental processes Clarify causal order
What are reasons to conduct a longitudinal study?
400
The agreed upon p-value at which the results are understood to be statistically significant?
What is .05?
400
Participants must be debriefed when ______ is used in the study.
What is deception?
400
Increases confidence that your results are 'real' Reduces criticisms that your results are an artifact of the design
What are advantages of the use of multiple operationalizations of a construct?
400
These explain associations between X and Y by invoking ‘third variables’ related to both X and Y.
What are “spuriousness” and “epiphenomenality”?
400
When using a cross-lagged panel design, the investigator is mainly interested in __________
What is causal order?
500
Chance can account for correlations between variables as a result of ______________
What is random association?
500
To ensure ___________, researchers should not share information about the specific responses of participants that allows those participants to be identified without the consent of the participants
What is 'right to privacy'?
500
A measurement tool that yields measurements with VERY LITTLE ERROR, but that is NOT measuring what the researcher INTENDS TO BE MEASURING.
What is a reliable, but not valid measurement tool?
500
While random sampling allows for the generalizability of results, _________ is more important for making causal inferences.
What is random assignment?
500
A research design in which data collection occurs at several points over time with different participants at each data collection point
What is cross-sectional trend design?