Monomers and Polymers
Name two types of monomers and polymers
Nucleic acids - DNA
Amino acids - Proteins
What is the genetic code?
DNA bases the code for proteins
What is transcription and translation?
Transcription - Production of mRNA from DNA
Translation - Production of proteins from mRNA
What is the goal/purpose of the protein secretory pathway?
To fold, modify and package proteins for export out of the cell to perform their jobs
How old is Taylor Swift?
34
Describe the structure of RNA
Single stranded nucleic acids with the bases Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine
What is gene expression?
The conversion of the genetic code into a functional protein
What enzyme is involve in the elongation stage of transcription?
RNA Polymerase
What is the role of the ribosome in the protein secretory pathway?
Proteins are synthesised here
What is the name of the spaceweapon that Darth Vader used in both "A New Hope" and "Return of the Jedi"?
The Death Star
Describe the three types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries genetic information from nucleus to ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – delivers amino acids to complementary mRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – structural component of ribosomes
What is the difference between triplets and codons?
Triplets - 3 base code in DNA
Codon - 3 base code in mRNA
Describe the initiation stage of transcription
•Proteins called transcription factors bind to the promoter
•This allows RNA polymerase enzyme to bind to the promoter
•This signals to break the hydrogen bonds between DNA strands
•This causes the DNA helix to unwind and unzip, leaving nucleotide bases exposed
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the protein secretory pathway?
•Folds and transports proteins
•If a protein is destined to be secreted, it will usually be synthesised on endoplasmic reticulum rather than free floating ribosome (more efficient)
•A transport vesicle buds off the rough-ER and floats to golgi apparatus
What is Darth Vader's real name?
Anakin Skywalker
Describe the structure of an amino acid
Central carbon, amine group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH) and variable R group.
Convert this DNA template strand into mRNA:
TAC GAA TTT CTC
AUG CUU AAA GAG
Describe the process of elongation in translation
Each codon on mRNA matches with the complementary anti-codon on tRNA
The complementary tRNA will brings the next amino acid to be joined with a peptide bond via condensation reaction
tRNA leaves to pick up another amino acid
What is the role of the golgi apparatus in the protein secretory pathway?
•Modifies and packages proteins
•Addition of chemical groups, sugar molecules, removal of molecules etc.
•Packaging into secretory vesicles
What is the best selling album from taylor swift?
1989
Explain the hierarchical nature of proteins
•The primary (1°) protein structure refers to the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
•The secondary (2°) structure is the shape of the polypeptides chain.
•The tertiary (3°) structure is the folded 3-dimensional structure of a protein
•The aggregation of subunits is called the quaternary (4°) structure of a protein.
Prokaryotic genes contain a operator and introns whilst eukaryotic genes do not.
Both contain promotors, exons, and a termination sequence.
Describe RNA processing
•At this stage the pre-mRNA is not mature and needs to be modified
•Only occurs in eukaryotes inside the nucleus
1.A 5΄ methyl cap is added to help protect mRNA in the cytoplasm
2.A poly-A tail add to the 3' end to help protect mRNA in the cytoplasm
3.Splicing: the introns are removed from the pre-mRNA, so that all that is left in the final mRNA is a continuous stretch of exons.
Explain the process of exocytosis in the protein secretory pathway.
•Proteins are packed into secretory vesicles
•Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release protein from the cell
•This is a form of bulk transport (movement of large substances)
•This is also a form of active transport (requires energy)
How old is Miss Peters?
29 :)