Vocal Chords/Voice
What age is the adult voice achieved?
18 years
What is the major determinant of vocal intensity?
Subglottic Pressure
What is Monopitch?
Voice lacks inflectional variation (Monotone)
What is a functional articulation disorder?
No known cause, i.e. cleft
What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
Group of neurological difficulties resulting from brain injury according in early fetal or infant development
What are vocal nodules? What are some causes of nodules?
Growths on vocal folds, resulting from frequency voice misuse (yelling, etc)
By how many dB does vocal intensity increase when Subglottic Pressure doubles?
8 - 12 dB
What are pitch breaks?
Sudden uncontrolled upward and downward changes in pitch, common in males through puberty
What determines the intelligibility of a person's speech with hearing loss?
What are common causes of Cerebral Palsy?
Anoxia (Lack of oxygen to the blood) kills neurons in CNS
What are symptoms of vocal nodules?
Perceptual symptoms are hoarseness and breathiness
What is Consistent Aphonia?
Persistent absence of voice, perceived as whispering
Can there be other causes for Pitch Breaks? If so, what?
Laryngeal Pathologies and/or abnormal neurological conditions
What is a Phonological Process?
Phonological and Phonotactic simplifications (Includes Assimilations)
What are the 3 different types of CP?
Ataxic, Spastic and Athetoid
What is fundamental frequency? What is it measured in?
Speed at which vocal folds vibrate, measured in Hz or vibrations per second
What are some causes of Consistent Aphonia?
Vocal fold paralysis, Disorders of CNS, Psychological problems
What happens to male's vocal chords during puberty?
Rapidly increase in length by 10mm and also thicken
What types of articulation errors tend to occur in the speech of children who are deaf?
Voicing Confusion and Vowel Substitution
What are some other causes of CP? (6 possible answers)
Premature birth, bacterial and viral infection, toxic agents, alcohol and illicit drugs, accidents during pregnancy
What is the average fundamental frequency of males and females?
130 Hz for Males
250 Hz for Females
What is Episodic Aphonia and some causes of Episodic Aphonia?
Uncontrolled, unpredictable aphonic breaks in voice that can last a fraction of a second.
Causes: CNS disorders and psychological problems
Pitch, loudness, quality, nonphonatory behaviors (stridor), aphonia
What parameters of speech are affected by hearing impairment? (6 answers)
All parameters: Articulation, voice, quality, pitch, rate, prosody and rhythm.
Describe each type of CP
Spastic, Athetoid and Ataxic
Spastic - Too much muscle tone, muscles that oppose bending joints that help us stand
Athetoid - Slow involuntary movement of the body beyond individual's control
Ataxic - Uncoordinated Movement (damage to cerebellum)