Vertebrate Skull
The ancestral skull condition, this type features no fenestrae.
What is the anapsid skull?
In the earliest vertebrates, this was the major structural support for the body.
What is the notochord?
In this form of foot posture the bones of the phalanges lie flat on the ground, while the metatarsals (or metacarpals) and tarsals (or carpals) are raised.
What is digitigrade foot posture?
This type of cell breaks down endochondral bone.
What is an Osteoclast?
These types of muscles use anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP, it creates lactic acid and the muscles are fatigued easily.
What are fast twitch muscles?
This adaption in mammals allows for the use of the jaws in different functions without interrupting breathing.
What is the secondary palate?
A disproven hypothesis for how fins evolved, it does not explain the pelvic girdle or the dermal bone ring that forms it.
What is the Gill Arch Hypothesis?
This posture, found in early tetrapods, required constant flexion in order to hold the body up, and was very energetically costly in contrast to derived tetrapod posture.
What is splayed posture?
This type of bone begins as cartilage, and is formed by osteoblast cells.
What is endochondral bone?
Migratory birds have a high concentration of these types of muscles.
What are slow twitch muscles?
Arising from the first ceratobranchial, mandibular cartilage, then articular, this inner ear bone first appeared in the mammals.
What is the Malleus?
This group of tetrapod ancestors were the first to posses ossified vertebral elements with an intercentrum and a pleurocentrum.
What are the Sarcopterygians?
This method of locomotion led to the evolution of a horizontal caudal fin in modern cetaceans.
What is dorsal-ventral flexion?
This is the only remaining dermal bone element present in modern mammals.
What is the clavicle?
This foramen present in avian species allows for attachment of pectoral flight muscles.
What is the foramen triosseum?
What is Kenichthys?
This early tetrapod exhibits a direct connection between the axial skeleton and the pelvic girdle, which played an important role in the hind limbs supporting the body.
What is Acanthostega?
Animals with this type of locomotion posses short, broad limbs, fusiform bodies, and low gear limb levers.
What is fossorial locomotion?
This type of bone does not begin as cartilage, and instead directly from non-cartilaginous precursor cells.
What is intramembranous bone?
Myofilaments make up these structural elements of muscle, which all contract concurrently to shorten the muscle.
What is a sarcomere?
Found in Lizards, this adaptation allows for easier grip on prey because of the loss of the lower temporal arch.
What is cranial kinesis?
These small processes on the terrestrial vertebrate vertebrae interlock to prevent excessive twisting.
What are zygopophyses?
Animals with this method of locomotion are adapted for speed, and often have a reduced or absent clavicle.
What is cursorial locomotion?
This type of intramembranous bone is formed in ligaments as a result of stress or friction.
What is sesamoid bone?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.
What are the 3 major types of muscle?