Masculinity vs femininity
What are gender roles?
societal expectations regarding the behaviors and attributes considered appropriate for men and women
This type of verbal communication includes words, phrases, and sentences used to convey information.
spoken language
In this type of communication, people rely heavily on explicit verbal messages and prefer clear, direct language
low context communication
This cultural orientation emphasizes the needs and goals of the group over those of the individual.
collectivism
This term refers to misunderstandings or communication breakdowns that occur when individuals from different cultural backgrounds interpret language or behavior in different ways.
intercultural interference
This concept refers to a set of cultural norms that can limit men's emotional expression and promote aggression and dominance
toxic masculinity
What is body language?
nonverbal communication is conveyed through body movements, posture, and facial expressions.
What is high context communication?
In this type of communication, individuals expect a lot of the message to be understood through contextual clues, such as tone of voice or body language
What is personal achievement?
This is the term used to describe a common feature of individualist societies, where people often prioritize achieving personal success and independence over maintaining close relationships.
This type of interference occurs when cultural differences affect how learners understand and use nonverbal communication, such as gestures, eye contact, or personal space.
nonverbal intercultural interference
This term refers to qualities often associated with traditional femininity, such as being nurturing and supportive in social or familial roles
femininity
This type of verbal communication involves the use of formal or informal language depending on the audience and situation.
register or language register
What is implicit meaning?
This feature of high context communication often involves conveying messages indirectly, relying on the listener’s knowledge of context, rather than explaining everything explicitly
In collectivist cultures, the concept of "face" refers to this: the preservation of one's social identity and dignity within the group, often influencing communication and behavior.
social harmony or group face
This type of intercultural interference arises when students struggle with English articles (a, an, the) due to the absence of similar grammatical structures in their native languages.
grammatical interference
This term describes the unequal treatment or perception of individuals based on their gender in a professional environment.
gender bias
This form of nonverbal communication refers to gestures that convey specific meanings in different cultures, such as the "thumbs up" sign.
emblems
In this type of culture, verbal messages are expected to be detailed, explicit, and free from ambiguity, which reflects a societal preference for clarity, individualism, and precise understanding in both personal and professional settings
low context culture
This theory, proposed by Geert Hofstede, describes the extent to which individuals in a society are integrated into groups and how individual goals are balanced with group goals, reflecting the cultural divide between collectivism and individualism
Hofstede’s individualism vs. collectivism dimension
This linguistic phenomenon occurs when learners from cultures with non-alphabetic writing systems (such as Chinese or Arabic) experience difficulties in English reading and writing due to differences in alphabetic structures, left-to-right orientation, or phonetic rules.
orthographic interference
This term, introduced by Kimberlé Crenshaw, refers to the way different social categories, like gender and race, intersect and influence experiences of discrimination.
intersectionality
This type of verbal communication involves the physical qualities of the speaker’s voice, such as pitch, volume, and rate
paralanguage
Edward T. Hall’s distinction between high and low context communication is grounded in this broader cultural framework, which influences how people in different societies value time, space, and relationships in communication processes
cultural relativism or cultural dimension theory
What is self-actualization?
In individualist cultures, this concept is often a central motivator, where individuals are expected to strive for personal success and fulfillment through self-reliance, often disregarding group conformity or social pressure.
This occurs in ELT when cultural differences in time orientation (such as monochronic vs. polychronic cultures) interfere with learners' ability to manage tasks and deadlines, leading to misunderstandings of expectations in the classroom
temporal interference or time management differences