Cartilages
This cartilage causes a prominent neck bulge, has two upper and two lower horns and is open at the back.
Thyroid Cartilage
This region or space is just below the vocal folds.
Subglottal Space
Respiration, especially inspiration, depends on this major muscle.
Diaphragm
These muscles form the true vocal folds.
Thyroarytenoids
When this structure is raised, it closes off the nasal cavity and associated resonance
Velum
This cartilage has a circular shape, and if placed on a finger it looks like a signet ring.
Cricoid Cartilage
The vocal folds are in this position during yawning.
Abduction (Apart)
Important attachments for the muscles of respiration include the ________________, which encircles the upper part of the body (thorax), and the _______________, which encircles the lower part of the body (abdomen).
Pectoral Girdle and Pelvic Girdle
This main muscle of vocal fold adduction is assisted by the interarytenoids.
Lateral cricoarytenoids
Contraction of this muscle closes the velopharyngeal mechanism.
Levator palatine (assisted by the uvular m. & superior constrictor m.)
This triangular "A" shaped cartilage has a muscular process and a vocal process.
Arytenoid Cartilage
This term is another name for the superficial layer of the vocal fold membrane.
Reinke’s Space
This region of muscles assists with expiration only after all the inspiratory muscles have finished with relaxation and recoil.
Abdominals (and internal intercostals)
These muscles that assist phonation have all their attachments outside the larynx.
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
When this muscle contracts it assists with velopharyngeal opening.
Palatoglossus (and palatopharyngeus)
This tongue-shaped cartilage rises above the laryngopharynx; it adds protection of the airway during swallowing.
Epiglottis (or epiglottal cartilage)
This term describes the name for the three layers of tissue on the surface of the vocal folds.
Lamina Propria
This term refers to the outside lining of the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
These two bands of muscles are mainly responsible for pitch adjustments.
Pars recta and parse oblique of the cricothyroids.
Extra contractions of superior, medial and inferior constrictor muscles can contribute to this less desirable resonance.
Cul de sac
The hyoid bone is shaped most like a ___________.
horseshoe
The phenomenon we call “voice” is the result of three main processes:
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
There is an absence of __________ between the parietal and visceral pleura linings.
air (or oxygen)
The thyroarytenoid muscles are comprised of these two bands.
Thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis
If the muscles of velopharyngeal closure are not working properly, a __________ voice quality will occur.