Bronchodilators
Name a systemic side effect seen with the use of inhaled anticholinergics.
What is dry mouth?
This substance is a perennial nasal corticosteroid inhaled to manage allergic rhinitis.
What is fluticasone?
Increasing ambient humidity can enhance the effectiveness of this type of drug class.
What are expectorants?
Second-generation antihistamines are often preferred over first-generation due to this advantage, which improves patient adherence and safety in engaging daily activities.
What is reduced sedation or less drowsiness?
This decongestant is notorious for being used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine, leading to regulations on its sale.
What is pseudoephedrine?
Over-the-counter preparations of dextromethorphan often have restrictions due to misuse for this reason.
What is recreational use leading to psychotropic effects?
Monitoring for this electrolyte imbalance is important when using bronchodilators like albuterol.
What is hypokalemia?
Leukotriene modifiers should be used with caution in patients with this underlying condition due to potential effects.
What is liver disease?
For optimal effect, guaifenesin should be taken with what?
What is plenty of water?
Chlorpheniramine, a first-generation antihistamine, is often used as an ingredient in cold medications due to this additional effect.
What is mild sedation or anxiolytic effect?
decongestants exerts effects by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and reduced nasal congestion but carries a risk of this potential systemic effect with overuse or in susceptible individuals.
What are hypertension or elevated blood pressure?
This antitussive acts peripherally to anesthetize stretch receptors in the respiratory passages and lungs.
What is benzonatate?
Combining ipratropium with albuterol creates this common rescue medication.
What is DuoNeb or Combivent?
Montelukast can be administered at this time of day to maximize effectiveness.
What is in the evening?
The role of an expectorant differs from that of a mucolytic in this way.
What is by increasing secretion output rather than breaking down mucus?
In patients with glaucoma, this effect of first-generation antihistamines can exacerbate their condition.
What is increased intraocular pressure?
Chronic use of topical nasal decongestants can result in this paradoxical condition, characterized by worsening congestion upon drug withdrawal.
What is rebound congestion or rhinitis medicamentosa?
Chronic use of opioid antitussives, such as codeine, can lead to this adverse effect.
What is dependence or addiction?
Ipratropium is an anticholinergic utilized in respiratory therapy; it acts by blocking which receptors?
What are muscarinic receptors?
Why should patients rinse their mouths after using inhaled corticosteroids?
What is to prevent oral thrush?
The unpleasant odor of acetylcysteine is reminiscent of this compound.
What is rotten eggs, due to its sulfur content?
Name the first-generation antihistamine commonly used as a sleep aid due to its sedative properties.
What is diphenhydramine?
This adverse effect of systemic decongestants can occur secondary to decreased parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic tone.
What is urinary retention?
The primary action of antitussives like codeine is exerted on what part of the central nervous system?
What is the cough center in the medulla oblongata?
Caffeine, similar in structure to this asthma medication, can potentiate its side effects.
What is theophylline?
This mast cell stabilizer, occasionally used in asthma treatment, prevents the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells. Patients often report a delay of several weeks before noticing improvement in symptoms.
What is cromolyn sodium?
Chronic high-dose ingestion of guaifenesin as an expectorant may occasionally result in these systemic side effects.
What are dizziness and gastrointestinal upset?
This second-generation antihistamine is often recommended for children over 2 years due to a better side effect profile.
What is loratadine?
The alpha-adrenergic effect of oral decongestants can lead to these cardiovascular symptoms, particularly in susceptible individuals.
What are hypertension and tachycardia?
For patients with chronic bronchitis, explain why antitussives should be used with caution.
What is because they suppress the cough reflex, which can lead to retention of secretions and risk of infection?
A significant concern when prescribing beta-agonists to pregnant females is the risk of this fetal condition.
What is placental insufficiency or preterm labor?
Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is used to manage asthma and allergic rhinitis but requires careful monitoring due to its potential to cause this rare but serious neuropsychiatric effect.
What is suicidal ideation or behavior changes?
Expectorants are contraindicated in patients with this underlying respiratory complication, for fear of exacerbating symptoms.
What is impaired cough reflex?
Differentiate between the use of antihistamines and corticosteroids in the management of allergic responses.
What is antihistamines block the effects of histamine to treat allergy symptoms, while corticosteroids reduce inflammation?
Due to its vasoconstrictive properties, phenylephrine can exacerbate this condition, characterized by inadequate blood supply to extremities.
What is Raynaud's phenomenon?
Explain how non-opioid antitussives differ from opioid antitussives in terms of their mechanism of action.
What are non-opioid antitussives that typically work peripherally by local anesthesia on the respiratory tract, while opioid antitussives work centrally?