Classical 1
learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by one is eventually elicited by the other
Classical Conditioning
Automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in increases or decreases in occurrence
Operant Conditioning
An unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
Variable Ratio
Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings
behavior modification
Experimented by ringing a tuning fork when feeding the dogs. They would salivate when fed. When the tuning fork was rang, even without the presence of food, the dogs would salivate
Ivan Pavlov
Learned reaction
Conditioned Response
Psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Process in which reinforcement is used to make new responses out of old ones; Building upon what is already present to create new learning
Shaping
Form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
Social Learning
Does not elicit a response prior to conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
DAILY DOUBLE: When an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original without prior training
Generalization
Naturally rewarding, such as food or water
Primary Reinforcement
DAILY DOUBLE: In order to learn a skill, we put new responses together
Chaining
Focuses on how information is obtained, processed, or organized
Cognitive Learning
Elicits predictable response without training
Unconditioned Stimulus
The ability to respond differently to different stimuli
Discrimination
Paired with a primary reinforcer, reinforcer that fulfills non-biological needs
Secondary Reinforcement
Type of conditioning or learning where unpleasant consequences affect our behavior
Aversive Control
Repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in belief that the situation is uncontrollable
Learned Helplessness
Event that elicits a response after training
Conditioned Stimulus
Eventually, if not continually practiced, the response fades
Extinction
Specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
Fixed Ratio
Person’s behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant event from happening
Avoidance Conditioning
Observation and imitation, someone shows you how to do something and you learn from it
Modeling