Historical Beliefs
Confucianism developed in the ancient civilization where Confucius was born.
China
The core Confucian principle emphasizing compassion and kindness towards others.
A common practice Confucians perform to honor their deceased ancestors.
Ancestor Worship
A modern criticism of Confucianism that suggests its traditional roles conflict with this aspect of personal freedom.
Individualism
The philosopher and founder whose teachings formed the basis of Confucianism.
Confucius
The period of social chaos that influenced Confucius to develop his teachings.
Warring States Period
The virtue in Confucianism that requires devotion and respect towards one’s parents and elders.
Filial Piety
The Confucian symbol associated with divine wisdom and moral guidance.
The Candle of Light
Critics argue that Confucianism’s rigid social roles may clash with modern ideals of this societal value.
Equality
The title often given to Confucius, meaning “Master Kong.”
Kong Fuzi
The specific dynasty during which Confucius lived and taught.
The traditional set of five hierarchical relationships essential to Confucian social harmony.
Five Relationships
This object is often used in Confucian rituals as a symbol of knowledge and learning.
The Book of Knowledge
Some argue Confucianism limits this personal freedom to choose one’s own path.
Autonomy
The prominent disciple of Confucius who taught that human nature is inherently good.
Mencius
The ultimate social quality Confucianism seeks to cultivate in society.
Harmony
The ideal of living a balanced life that avoids extremes, highly valued in Confucianism.
The Doctrine of the Mean
The traditional ceremonies Confucians perform to remember and honor their ancestors.
Ancestral Rites
The emphasis on authority in Confucianism may be seen as conflicting with this freedom to express disagreement.
Freedom of Speech
The Confucian philosopher who argued that humans are born with selfish tendencies.
Xunzi
The dynasty that formally adopted Confucianism as the state ideology.
Han Dynasty
The doctrine that legitimizes a ruler’s authority as a divine right, provided they rule justly.
Mandate of Heaven
The special events held at Confucian temples to pay tribute to Confucius and his teachings.
Confiucius Day Ceremonies
Modern reformers believe Confucianism’s resistance to change hinders progress toward this, especially concerning individual freedoms.
Human Rights
The 20th-century Chinese leader who advocated for reviving Confucian values in modern society.
Chiang Kai-shek