Pathophysiology
This defect is a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
A PDA has this characteristic “machinery-like†murmur.
What is a continuous murmur?
This imaging test confirms PDA, VSD, and ASD diagnoses.
What is echocardiogram (ECHO)?
These medications can medically close PDA in preterm infants.
What are indomethacin or ibuprofen?
Nurses advise parents to feed infants with heart defects using what method?
What is small, frequent, high-calorie feeds?
In VSD, blood is shunted from the _____ to the _____ ventricle.
What is left to right?
Infants with large VSDs often have this feeding and growth problem.
What is poor feeding and failure to thrive?
Chest x-ray finding: cardiomegaly and increased ______ markings.
What is pulmonary vascular?
Small VSDs are often simply _____ because they may close spontaneously.
What is monitored (watchful waiting)?
Many innocent murmurs _____ as children grow, but require monitoring.
What is disappear or resolve?
ASD refers to a hole between these two heart chambers.
What are the left atrium and right atrium?
Older children with ASD may experience this exercise-related complaint.
What is exercise intolerance?
Cardiac cath measures pressure and _____ levels in heart chambers.
What is oxygen?
Large ASDs are repaired with this closed or surgical procedure.
What is catheter-based device closure or surgical patch?
Parents should call the provider if their child shows this triad of symptoms: ______.
What are difficulty feeding, cyanosis, and rapid breathing?
Left-to-right shunts in these defects lead to increased ______ blood flow.
What is pulmonary?
These signs—sweating with feeds, tachypnea, hepatomegaly—indicate heart ______.
What is failure?
ECG detects enlargement or strain by showing electrical ______.
What is abnormalities?
Untreated PDA may lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or ______.
What is endocarditis?
Prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended before this type of procedure.
What is dental work?
Eisenmenger syndrome results from this long-term change reversing the shunt.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
Cyanosis is typically a _____ symptom in these defects unless shunt reverses.
What is late?
This prenatal imaging can identify septal defects at 18-22 weeks.
What is fetal echocardiogram?
Early correction of VSDs prevents permanent pulmonary vascular ______.
What is disease or damage?
After defect repair, nurses monitor vitals, surgical site, signs of infection & ______.
What is perfusion/circulation?