Pathophysiology
This defect is a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
A PDA has this characteristic during respiratory auscultation
What is a continuous machinery-sounding murmur?
This imaging test confirms PDA, VSD, and ASD diagnoses.
What is echocardiogram (ECHO)?
These medications can medically close PDA in preterm infants.
What are indomethacin or ibuprofen?
What can edema indicate?
What is CHF from right-sided heart overload
In VSD, blood is shunted from the _____ to the _____ ventricle.
What is left to right?
Infants with large VSDs often have this feeding and growth problem.
What is poor feeding and failure to thrive?
Chest x-ray finding: cardiomegaly and increased ______ markings.
What is pulmonary vascular?
Small VSDs are often simply _____ because they may close spontaneously.
What is monitored (watchful waiting)?
In ASD, why are blood-thinners administered?
What is to help prevent blood clots post-surgery
ASD refers to a hole between these two heart chambers.
What are the left atrium and right atrium?
Older children with ASD may experience this exercise-related complaint.
What is exercise intolerance?
Cardiac cath measures pressure and _____ levels in heart chambers.
What is oxygen?
Large ASDs are repaired with this closed or surgical procedure.
What is catheter-based device closure or surgical patch?
In VSD, what signs and symptoms should parents know to recognize heart failure in infants
What are Shortness of breath, sweating/exhaustion during feeding and delayed weight gain
Left-to-right shunts in these defects lead to increased ______ blood flow.
What is pulmonary?
Signs of ”sweating with feeds, tachypnea, and hepatomegaly” indicate heart ______.
What is failure?
ECG detects enlargement or strain by showing electrical ______.
What is abnormalities?
Untreated PDA may lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or ______.
What is endocarditis?
In PDA, describe the patient education for a patient's activity levels
Discuss with the patient and their family about the appropriate degree of activity that the child can partake in based on their “tolerance and energy levels”
Eisenmenger syndrome results from this long-term change reversing the shunt.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
Cyanosis is typically a _____ symptom in these defects unless shunt reverses.
What is late?
This prenatal imaging can identify septal defects at 18-22 weeks.
What is fetal echocardiogram?
Early correction of VSDs prevents permanent pulmonary vascular ______.
What is disease or damage?
What drug is administered to maintain patency until surgery is conducted
What are prostaglandins