Embryological Beginnings
This is the first major body system to function during embryologic development.
What is the cardiovascular system?
Located in the region of the fossa ovalis, this is the most common type of atrial septal defect
What is a Secundum ASD?
This genetic disorder is associated with approximately 40% of all complete AV Canal cases.
What is Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
In this condition, the Left Coronary Artery arises from the Pulmonary Artery instead of the Aorta.
What is ALCAPA
This echocardiographic technique is used to confirm an atrial shunt by looking for a "negative contrast" effect.
What is a saline contrast (bubble) study
By the end of this week, a fully functioning heart is formed
What is Week 8?
This syndrome occurs when a left-to-right shunt reverses to right-to-left due to irreversible pulmonary hypertension.
What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?
This is the classic type of murmur heard in a patient with a Patent Ductus Arteriosus
What is a continuous, machinery murmur?
This anomaly is characterized by the right pulmonary veins draining into the IVC, often showing a "fir tree" pattern
What is Scimitar Syndrome
To optimize coronary artery imaging, a sonographer should use the highest frequency transducer and decrease this Doppler setting to 20–40 cm/sec.
What is the Nyquist limit (or scale)
This normal process determines the positioning of the ventricles by bending the cardiac tube rightward and anteriorly.
What is D-looping?
This specific ASD type is frequently associated with a cleft in the anterior mitral valve leaflet.
What is a Primum ASD (or Partial AV Canal)?
In fetal life, the Ductus Arteriosus connects these two major vessels to bypass the lungs.
What are the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta
This pediatric febrile illness is a leading cause of giant coronary artery aneurysms
What is Kawasaki Disease
This imaging window is often best for visualizing the interatrial septum because the ultrasound beam is more parallel to the shunt flow.
What is the subcostal window
These two adult structures are derived from the left and right horns of the sinus venosus.
What are the Coronary Sinus and SVC/IVC?
This rare defect allows for an abnormal communication directly between the Left Ventricle and the Right Atrium.
What is a Gerbode Defect
Unlike ASDs, VSDs and PDAs typically result in the volume overload and dilatation of these two cardiac chambers.
What are the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
This rare anomaly involves a membrane dividing the Left Atrium into two distinct chambers.
What is Cor Triatriatum
An anomalous coronary artery is considered most "pathologic" or dangerous when it follows this specific anatomical course.
What is an interarterial course (between the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery)
This tissue failure is the primary embryologic cause of Atrioventricular Canal Defects (AVCD).
What are the endocardial cushions?
This hemodynamic ratio is calculated to determine if a shunt is significant enough to require surgical closure.
What is the Qp/Qs ratio?
This congenital heart defect is caused by a total lack of fusion of the superior and inferior endocardial cushions and leads to a common atrioventricular valve
what is a complete AV (atrioventricular) canal defect
What are the 4 type of Total anomalous pulmonary veins Darling's classifications?
In a patient with TAPVC, the sonographer must always look for this associated defect, as it is essential for survival after birth.
What is an ASD or PFO