Show:
Confusing causes
Puzzling pathophysiology
Tricky therapies
Sneaky side effects
Clinical correlation is required
100

Intermittent exertional chest pain, active smoker, dyslipidemia, class 2 obesity

What is coronary artery disease/stable angina?

100

The type of LV remodelling/hypertrophy that occurs from chronic pressure overload.

What is concentric LV hypertrophy?

100

The central tenet of titrating medical therapies for heart failure.

What is "start low, go slow"? 

Titrate 2-4 weeks to maximum tolerated dose by 3-6 months.

100

Cough, angioedema

What are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)?
100

Two distinguishing features of dyspnea that is specific to heart failure.

What is orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

200

Frequent palpitations, irregularly irregular pulse

What is atrial fibrillation? (with RVR)

200

The neurohormonal pathway first to respond to poor cardiac output and poor organ perfusion.

What is Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)? 

200

Medical management of HFrEF is important in reducing these THREE things.

What are morbidity and mortality, hospitalization, and burden of symptoms?

200

Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia

What are mineralocorticoid receptor antangonists (MRAs)? 

200

Formula for calculating left ventricular ejection fraction.

What is stroke volume / LV end diastolic volume?

Stroke volume = LVEDV - LVSDV

300

'S4' heart sound, sustained apical impulse, longstanding diabetes, active smoker

What is LVH from essential hypertension?

300

Main compound stimulates arteriolar vasoconstriction, pituitary ADH secretion, aldosterone secretion by adrenals, and renal tubular Na+ resorption.

What is angiotensin II?

300
Consider ADDING this medication for a patient with HFrEF [already on appropriate medical therapies] and poorly controlled atrial fibrillation.

What is digoxin?

300

Genital mycotic infections, dehydration

What are SGLT2 inhibitors?

300

Heart failure can be categorized into two types of LV dysfunction. This form of LV dysfunction typically occurs with a "stiff" left ventricle or impaired relaxation.

What is diastolic dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

400

Intermittent palpitations with previous bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and red painful bumps on the tibia.

What is sarcoidosis?

400

Name the THREE major categories of NON-ischemic cardiomyopathy?

What is dilated CM, hypertrophic CM and restrictive CM?

400

Three major considerations in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.

What is oxygenation support, volume status, and blood pressure/MAP?

Remember ABCs. C also means CONSULT.

400

Disturbed color perception (vision), "ice-cream scoop" ST segment on ECG

What is digoxin?

400

Pulmonary vascular redistribution, cardiomegaly, interstitial edema/Kerley-B lines, and ONE more CLASSIC chest x-ray feature of CHF.

What are pleural effusions? 

...usually bilateral.

500

Patient reports syncope and JVP demonstrating cannon A-waves.

What is AV-dissociation?

500

A zinc-activated endopeptidase responsible for breaking down natriuretic peptides

What is neprilysin?

500

A patient has LVEF < 35% despite optimized medical therapy. Current NYHA 3. Name the last criteria needed for combination ICD+CRT.

What is QRS >130msec with LBBB morphology?

500

Tinnitus, acute kidney injury, confusion

What is furosemide?

500
A sign observed in patients with CHF which occurs due to cycles of over-response to hypercapnea and hypocapnea, also known as high loop gain.

What is Cheynes Strokes respiration?