Tolmans Behaviorism
This type of behaviorism, proposed by Tolman, emphasizes that behavior is goal-oriented and flexible rather than rigid associations between stimulus and response.
What is purposive or operational behaviorism?
This type of learning occurs without immediate reinforcement and may not manifest until a reward is provided.
What is latent learning?
This type of response is voluntary and shaped by its consequences in operant conditioning.
What is an operant?
In this type of reinforcement schedule, a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, often seen in slot machines.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
This principle describes how an immediate reward is often more subjectively valuable than a delayed one, making impulsive choices more likely
What is delay discounting?
According to Tolman, organisms develop this internal representation of their environment through learned associations.
What is a cognitive map?
Tolman argues that this factor, rather than reinforcement, is necessary for performance of learned behavior.
What is motivation?
This type of reinforcement occurs naturally, without needing to be learned, such as food or water.
What is primary reinforcement?
This schedule reinforces the first response after a constant, predictable amount of time has passed.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
This law suggests that organisms will allocate their responses in proportion to the relative reinforcement rate of each choice.
What is the matching law?
This continuous process in Tolman’s theory allows organisms to develop expectancies and motivates goal-directed responses.
What is learning?
This principle highlights that learning and performance are separate; learning may occur without an immediate display of knowledge.
What is the learning-performance distinction?
In the Premack Principle, reinforcement is defined not as a stimulus but as the opportunity to do this.
What is engage in a preferred response?
Reinforcing every response that occurs, this type of schedule produces a quick and steady pattern of responding.
What is continuous reinforcement?
Choosing an option with a lower immediate value but higher long-term benefit is an example of this behavioral trait.
What is self-control?
According to the Premack Principle, this type of response is more likely to be used as reinforcement for a lower-probability response.
What is a high-probability response?
This schedule leads to a steady, moderate rate of responding and is used when reinforcement is given after a random amount of time has passed.
What is a variable interval schedule?
These strategies, like social modeling and distractions, can increase an individual’s ability to delay gratification.
What are factors contributing to self-control?