The Physical Env.
What are the 3 types of store interior design?
Grid, freeform, racetrack
The aim of North et al.'s research on sound and consumer behaviour
The study aimed to investigate the effect of musical style on the amount of money customers spend in a restaurant. It was predicted that classical music would lead to customers spending more money than pop music. The researchers were unsure of the effect of no music relative to classical or pop music.
What is wayfinding and what are the tools to help us with wayfinding
Wayfinding refers to our ability to know where we are and to plan a route to where we are going.
Certain tools can help us with wayfinding are maps and signs
The 3 models of consumer decision-making are
Utility theory, satisficing, and prospect theory
what is the difference between spatial and human crowding
Spatial crowding relates to the number of physical objects, whereas human crowding relates to the amount of people in a space
The IV and DV from Robson et al.'s study about personal space in a restaurant
The independent variables were table spacing (6, 12 or 24 inches (15, 30 or 60 cm)) and scenario (business, friend or romantic).
The dependent variables were the measures of emotional and behavioural responses measured by Likert-type scales.
What are recency and primary effects in menu design
The primacy effect and recency effect are two effects found in memory research, which show that, if you are recalling a list of words, the words at the start and end of the list are more likely to be remembered than those in the middle of the list.
Type of heuristics when you buy something because you are familiar with that item/brand
Recognition heuristics
Explain the PAD Model by Mehrabian & Russell (1974)
PAD models are 3 dimensions of an individual's emotions that influence their response to an environment: Pleasure relates to feeling happy, content or satisfied; Arousal relates to feeling stimulated or excited; Dominance refers to the feeling of being in control.
The use of pilot testing in Hall et al.'s choice blindness are
It allowed the researchers to use samples of jam and tea that they knew were easy to distinguish from one another.
This is important for increasing the validity of the study as we can be confident that the reason for participants not noticing a manipulation was not just that it was hard to distinguish between the two, but instead that it was due to choice blindness.
Identify 'The Explorer' spatial behaviour patterns in shoppers
The Explorer
- The longest trip, visiting all aisles in the store and often visiting places more than once.
- Spending a long time with products and buying a lot and involve a 'main' shopping mission.
- Mostly females shop alone, take a trolley & have a shopping list
The difference between retroactive interference and proactive interference
Retroactive interference: New information is learned that makes it harder to recall earlier information and
Proactive interference: Prior learning can interfere with a person's ability to learn and recall new information.
How does sound influence taste, according to:
- Cross-modal contrast
- Attentional explanation
A contrast effect is a cognitive bias where our perception of something is distorted when we compare it to something else, for example, hearing a loud noise might impair your ability to perceive a taste as intensely as you would without the loud noise.
Attentional explanation suggests that the presence of a loud noise distracts attention and therefore reduces the ability to fully perceive taste.
What are the strengths of Robson et al.'s study
- Large sample, with over 1000 participants.
- Good representation of gender, location of residence (urban, suburban or rural), and a range of age and ethnicity mean it can be generalised to the wider population.
- The use of Likert-type scales to collect quantitative data, allowing the data to be compared and analysed.
1. Overload. If people are too close, this produces an overload of information to process as well as a lack of control over the information that we process, producing feelings of stress.
2. Arousal. When our personal space is invaded, we may feel a heightened sense of arousal. Our response may be positive (such as at a concert, or if someone hugs you) or it may be negative (such as a stranger sitting too close).
3. Behaviour constraint. Crowds behave very differently from individuals, often leading to increased aggression and a decrease in prosocial or helping behaviours. It is possible that the stress experienced by lack of personal space may be responsible for these changes in behaviour.
5 Types of decision-making style according to Scott and Bruce (1995)
1. Rational: making decisions in a logical way, where various options are considered to achieve a specific goal.
2. Intuitive: making decisions that 'feel right'; trusting your intuition.
3.Dependent: consulting others and relying on their assistance when making a decision.
4. Avoiding: putting off decisions or making decisions only at the last minute.
5. Spontaneous: making quick and impulsive decisions.