Independence & Early Government
This year marks the consummation of Mexico’s independence.
What is 1821?
This constitution established Mexico as a federal republic.
What is the Constitution of 1824?
This group supported separation of Church and State.
Who are the Liberals?
This war (1846–1848) resulted in Mexico losing over half its territory.
What is the U.S.-Mexican War?
This plan in 1854 initiated the Liberal Reform movement.
What is the Plan of Ayutla?
Mexico’s first post-independence government took this form under Agustín de Iturbide.
What is an empire?
Mexico’s first president under the republic.
Who is Guadalupe Victoria?
This group defended the Catholic Church’s central role in society.
Who are the Conservatives?
This treaty ended the U.S.-Mexican War.
What is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
This constitution guaranteed individual rights and sparked civil war.
What is the Constitution of 1857?
This action by Iturbide deepened political conflict and led to his downfall.
What is dissolving Congress?
These two political factions dominated early republican debates.
Who are the federalists and centralists?
Liberal leader known for promoting secular education.
Who is José María Luis Mora?
This internal war (1858–1860) was fought between Liberals and Conservatives.
What is the War of Reform?
Austrian archduke installed as Emperor of Mexico in 1864.
Who is Maximiliano of Habsburg?
This leader helped force Iturbide to abdicate through military uprisings.
Who is Antonio López de Santa Anna?
This Mexican painter is famous for landscapes like El Valle de México.
Who is José María Velasco?
Conservative intellectual who defended tradition and central authority.
Who is Lucas Alamán?
This battle in 1860 secured the Liberal victory.
What is the Battle of Calpulalpan?
Liberal leader who restored the Republic after French withdrawal.
Who is Benito Juárez?
The early post-independence crisis stemmed largely from this fundamental issue.
What is a lack of a clear political and organizational model for the nation?
Name one institution created to stimulate industrial development during early instability.
What is the Banco del Avío?
Beyond its natural beauty, El Valle de México painting reflects this 19th-century idea about national identity in México.
What is Mexican nationalism and pride in the nation’s landscape?
Name one treaty signed during the War of Reform to gain foreign support.
What is the McLane-Ocampo Treaty OR Treaty of Mon-Almonte?
This failed rebellion led by Porfirio Díaz opposed Juárez’s reelection in 1871.
What is the Plan de la Noria?