Peace
This narrow view defines peace purely as the absence of war or direct, physical violence.
What is the negative peace?
Confrontation between one or more parties aspiring towards incompatible or competitive means or ends
What is conflict?
Needs deprivation
What is violence?
A highly active strategy that uses collective psychological, social, and economic power to challenge oppression.
What is non-violence?
This view suggests peace is maintained when no single nation can dominate others, a concept exemplified by Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
or
At the national level, the system of checks and balances maintained through institutional arrangements among different branches of government.
What is Peace as balance of power?
This common belief generalises causes of conflict, such as attributing Middle East conflicts solely to the control of oil, while ignoring the complex web of multiple parties and motives.
What is the misconception that conflict is caused by a single factor?
or
What is the misconception that conflict parties are unitary actors?
It is intentional and personal.
It is intended to injure or hurt.
It can impact either physically or psychologically.
The violence is instantly recognizable as such and quickly acknowledged as hurtful.
What is physical violence?
Non-violent struggles always take a long period of time to achieve their goals while violence always works quickly.
What is the assumption about effectiveness of non-violence?
The absence of structural violence,
Elimination of violence at all levels from the international arena to domestic and individual levels (specifically, gender-based violence and patriarchal structures)
Sustainable living with the Earth.
Holistic inner-outer peace.
What is positive peace?
ABC Triangle (Attitudes/Assumptions, Behaviour and Contraditictions)
What makes for a conflict?
It is built into the structures of society or an organization and reveals itself as unequal power, which results in unequal opportunities.
They are built into the framework of how a society operates. Therefore, they may sometimes go unnoticed and may be viewed as the natural state of things.
What is structural violence?
The Jasmine Revolution (Tunisia, 2011)
What is an example that shows non-violent struggles are not weak?
Negative peace is quite desirable, and, in some situations, it is an incredible achievement.
Peace and violence should not be perceived as an on-off button. Viewing peace as the absence of violence is inaccurate. Peace can exist alongside violence as evident in contemporary global politics.
What are Dustin Sharp's critique of Galtung's idea of peace?
Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr et al actively sought out conflict to challenge injustice. The outcome of their course demonstrates that conflict, when pursued non-violently, secures human rights.
Contemporary movements such as Black Lives Matter, Fridays For Future etc. show that directly challenging actors secures sustainable peace.
What is constructive conflict?
The prevailing attitudes and beliefs that justify and legitimize the structural and direct violence, making it seem natural
What is cultural violence?
Nonviolent struggle does not need a charismatic leader.
Nonviolent struggle does not require any religious beliefs.
Non-violent struggles does not only succeed against humanitarian and democratic opponents.
Non-violent struggle do not only succeeds by melting the hearts of the oppressors. It can be coercive.
What are the common assumptions about non-violent struggles?
Galtung
Negative Peace <--------------------> Positive Peace
Durstin Sharp
Intial stages of Negative Peace --------------------> Achievement of Negative Peace
Intial Stages of Postice Peace --------------------> Achievement of Positive Peace
It is worth looking at progress towards negative peace and positive peace on their own continuums.
What is Durstin's prosition on achievement of negative and postive peace?
The belief that parties directly involved in a dispute cannot be trusted to be constructive, leading to the automatic involvement of mediators (e.g., the UN Security Council).
While third parties can be highly successful, their presence does not inherently guarantee a positive outcome.
Conflicting parties may have a fundamental preference, or even a perceived right to resolve their differences privately and independently without external interference.
What is the misconception that conflict always requires third-party intervention?
Conflict is dynamic, not static. Violence does not just start from nowhere; it flows and feeds into other forms of violence in specific ways.
What is Galtung's Traingle?
Can non-violence only be an active form of resistance or can it be passive? Can it be both?
Does the practice of non-violence need to be fully integrated in one’s life, or can it be pragmatic?
Can non-violent movements still be called non-violent if some of their members resort to violence?
Can sabotage or destruction of property be a part of non-violence?
What are the debates about non-violence?