Show:
Nutrition
Pharmacology
Labs and Diagnostics
Pathophysiology
of Emphysema
Treatments and Outcomes
100
Increased production of carbon dioxide because of the metabolism of carbohydrates in patients with COPD.
What is unintentional carbohydrate loading?
100
Suppresses inflammation and the immune response; Side effects include fluid retention and hypertension; Nursing implications include diet that is high in protein, calcium, and potassium and low in sodium and carbohydrates, and Monitor Intake and Output daily and Daily Weights
What are Corticosteroids?
100
Lab test that measures: Red blood cell count White Blood Cell Count Hemoglobin Hematocrit
What is a CBC?
100
The final, smallest branches of the pulmonary tree. Acts as primary gas exchange units.
What are alveoli?
100
Patient will maintain optimum gas exchange by keeping an SaO2 of 90% or greater. Patient will achieve good nutritional status evidenced by stable weight and adequate caloric intake. Patient will maintain clear, open airways by coughing up secretions.
What are desired outcomes for a patient with COPD?
200
A diet with increased calories, fats, and proteins, and decreased carbohydrates.
What is an acceptable diet for a patient with COPD
200
Decreases bacterial load through bacteriostatic or bactericidal methods; Side effects include nausea and vomiting; Implications include to Make sure the patient finishing the entire round of medications even if they feel better, and Can render birth control and other medications ineffective.
What are antibiotics?
200
A sample of sputum is obtained and tested for bacteria and diagnostic purposes.
What is a Sputum Culture?
200
The lungs no longer rebound after having been stretched by inhalation, or breathing in.
What is a loss of elastic recoil?
200
Home Health Physical therapy Respiratory Therapy Occupational Therapy Home Nutrition Psychosocial Counseling
What are referrals to resources in the community?
300
COPD patients need 5-6 small, frequent meals to increase caloric intake and decrease dyspneic episode during eating.
What is a proper meal schedule for a patient with COPD
300
Opens airways to increase airflow; Side effects include tachycardia and nausea; Implications include Monitor vital signs and for signs and symptoms tachycardia and Limit caffeine because it may increase the effects of the medication.
What are bronchodilators?
300
Visualization of the lungs and skeletal structure. Provides information regarding a diagnosis
What is a Chest X-Ray?
300
Thin-walled balloon-like extensions or air sacs.
What are blebs and bullae?
400
Mobilize secretions to clear out airways to increase capability of gas exchange.
What is lung hygiene prior to eating?
400
Blocks acetylcholine in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, and allows airways to remain open; Side effects include dry mouth and constipation; Implications include Frequent oral hygiene to diminish dry mouth, Wait five minutes between use of other inhaled medications.
What are anticholinergics?
400
A test that measures various lung volumes to assess ventilation.
What is a Pulmonary Function Test?
400
A portion of the lung in which air is no longer being exchanged
What is increased ventilator dead space?
400
Position the patient's head of bed(HOB) up. Provide supplemental oxygen as ordered by the primary care physician. Encourage patient to use pursed lip breathing.
What are measures to improve oxygenation?
500
Patients may crave this because it contains caffeine, which is a natural bronchodilator.
What is dark chocolate?
500
1-3 L/min per Nasal Cannula or Mask
What is maximum oxygen rate?
500
Test that provides valuable information regarding the patient's respiratory and metabolic acid base and electrolyte homeostasis. Also used to to assess adequacy of oxygenation.
What are Arterial Blood Gases?
500
Alveolar walls are damaged
What is Emphysema?
500
Patient does not require isolation, but is under universal precautions and a 3 foot minimum distance between patients.
What is the rationale for hospitalization of a patient with COPD?