General
What are the 4 measures of epidemiology?
Mortality, Morbidity, Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy
What is epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations, through the collection of data and information to identify patterns and causes
What are the 3 priority issues in Australia?
1. Groups experiencing health inequity
2. High levels of preventable diseases, injury and mental health problems
3. Growing and ageing population
Who is responsible for providing public hospitals?
Public hospitals are operated and financed by the state and Commonwealth governments.
Name 4 levels of responsibility for health promotion
1. Individuals and families
2. Community groups and industry - eg schools workplaces and the media.
3. Government - all levels local state and federal
4. Non-Government organisations - Australian and international.
What are the selection criteria for Australia's priority issues?
1) Principles of social justice
2) Priority population groups
3) Prevalence of the condition
4) Potential for prevention and early intervention
5) Costs to individuals and the community
Define the term incidence.
Name the 3 major categories of health determinants.
Sociocultural
Socioeconomic
Environmental
Name 3 types of health services.
Ambulance work, chiropody, dentistry, health inspections, nursing, occupational and speech therapy, pharmacy, physiotherapy, optometry, radiology, counselling, social work
What are the 5 areas of the Ottawa Charter?
1. Developing personal skills
2. Creating supportive environments
3. Building healthy public policy
4. Reorienting health services
5. Strengthening community action
What is the aim of the PBS?
The major aim of the PBS is to allow all individuals, regardless of SES access to necessary prescription medication.
Identify 3 groups that use epidemiological data and briefly explain how they use it.
Policy developers at all levels of government
Manufactures of health products
Providers of health services
individual consumers
Identify 5 health inequalities faced by our First Nations people.
Lower life expectancy, High mortality rates, higher infant mortality rates, higher rates of CVD adn diabetes, Highest suicide rates globally, higher rates of cancer, higher rates of chronic respiratory disease, higher rates of injury.
Explain the role of local governments in health services/promotion.
Environmental controls (eg waste collection, health inspections, hygiene standards, building standards)
Immunisation programs
Meals on Wheels
Antenatal clinics
What are the benefits of partnerships in health promotion?
Addresses needs of individuals and communities
more comprehensive health promotion
better results in health promotion goals
empowerment of individuals to take action
More efficient health promotion - limits doubling up
Better use of financial resources
What is the role of the National/Federal Government in improving health?
Providing coordination and leadership; encouraging federal, state and territorial collaboration on health promotion; providing public information; working with international bodies on health promotion strategies (eg WHO); developing infrastructure to support a social health promotion approach; funding; research
According to Health of Australians 2018, what was the leading cause of death for males and females (respectively) in 2016?
Males = coronary heart disease 13% of all deaths
Female = Alzheimer 11% of all deaths
Outline factors contributing the the health inequities faced by our First Nations people.
Contributing factors include:
Social factors such as dispossession, dislocation and discrimination.
Disadvantages in education, income, housing and employment.
Physical environmental factors
Lack of accesses to health services.
What are 4 factors that might influence access to health services?
SES, knowledge of services, geographic location, cultural and religious beliefs, shortages of qualified staff, lack if funding or equipment. patient waiting lists, wait times in outpatient clinics and emergency departments
Explain how the principle of social justice are seen in the Ottawa Charter action area "Developing personal skills"
Supportive environment - self help groups can promote development of more skills being while supported by others
Participation - individual can participate in a range of education and health promotion programs to increase their skills.
Equity - access to education programs must be assured for all individuals and any barriers eliminated or reduced to allow access to all
Access - education programs must be easily accessible for the individuals.
Rights - it must be recognized that everyone has the right to education and health so they can be empowered to take control
What is the benefit of an intersectional approach to health promotion?
Joint knowledge regarding health concerns. It also allows for access to the resources and skills need to understand and solve complex health problems. Access solutions that are outside of the individual groups capacity and area of expertise.
Identify the 3 social justice principles from Prelim studies and the 4 social justice principles from HSC studies.
Prelim = Equity, diversity, supportive environments
HSC = Participation, equity, access, rights
Describe the 3 major types of cardiovascular disease.
1. Coronary heart disease - poor blood supply to the heart muscle by the coronary artery.
2. Stroke - the interruption of blood supply to the brain.
3. Peripheral vascular disease - diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs.
Outline 5 different types of CAMS.
Biological based approaches (diets, herbs, vitamins), Manipulative and body based therapies massage, chiropractics, osteopathy), Mind-body interventions (yoga, relaxation, spirituality), Alternative medical systems (homeopathy, Naturopathy) Energy therapies (Reiki, magnets, acupuncture)
Explain how 1 health promotion strategy has implemented areas of the Ottawa Charter.
National Tobacco Strategy: BHPP = smoke free zones, laws on sales, taxation etc. CSE = smoke free workplaces and zones, bans on advertising; SCA = community controlled regulation in First Nations communities, smoke free event, community run QUIT groups; RHS = QUIT campaign, nicotine replacement therapies: DPS = QUIT programs, education programs