Evidence based approach
How long does the average criminal trial last?
3-6hrs / less than a week / 2-3 weeks / 1 month
less than a week
The police enforce the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety for their particular jurisdiction.
True / False
True
Which of the key requirements for an effective deterrence system is problematic because it is reasonably achieved only if citizens are willing to be constantly monitored?
certainty / swiftness / severity / predictability
certainty
According to a figure in the textbook, various categories of offenders in Oklahoma, Indiana, and Kentucky consider which of the following sentences to be the most severe?
regular probation / halfway house / jail / prison
Jail
The foundation of a community corrections sentence starts with ____, then the judge adds conditions with which the offender must comply.
a fine / electronic monitoring / a bail bond / probation
Probation
The most frequent non-financial release procedure for a criminal is
conditional release / unsecured bond / release on recognizance / bail bond
Release on Recognizance
Since 2011, prison populations in the United States have increased dramatically after having consistently declined for 40 years.
True / False
False
A city police department enforces the law within that city's geographic boundaries and those boundaries identify the police department's _________.
jurisdiction
Which punishment philosophy relies on the core assumptions that people are rational, calculating, individuals using free will to achieve pleasure and avoid pain?
deterrence / rehabilitation / retribution / restoration
deterrence
A _____ investigation report is an informational source on which judges base their sentencing decision for adult felony offenses.
pretrial / presumptive / presentence / pre-reporting
Presentence
_____ is generally considered the founder of modern probation.
Oxenbridge Thacher / John Augustus / Matthew Hill / Zebulon Brockway
John Augustus
Jails, but not prisons, usually
are operated by state govt / hold convicted felons / house males and females in separate facilities / detain persons not yet convicted of a crime
Detain person not yet convicted of a crime
Which program type depends on correctional resources available in the community to assist the offender in seeking help and abiding by certain conditions?
community corrections / institutional corrections / local jail / fixed fines
community corrections
Deterrence is the act of discouraging future criminal acts by both the offender and ____.
his state / his co-workers / others in the population / his family
Others in the population
Under which type of incapacitation would the policy be to reserve imprisonment for only those offenders needing to be locked away for society's protection?
technological / selective / indeterminate / general
Selective
Requiring a prison sentence, rather than some form of community corrections, for particular crimes and some offenders is called _____ sentencing.
presumptive / mandatory / truth-in / voluntary
Mandatory
The first probation law was enacted by the ____ legislature in 1878.
Virginia / Massachusetts / Vermont / Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
Jail inmates are predominantly
male / juveniles / African-American and non-Hispanic / all of the above / or none of the above
Male
Repeated and cumulative media exposure is thought to contribute to insecurity and fear of crime according to ________ theory.
social learning / social interaction / cultivation / crime control
Hanging a horse thief to ensure he doesn't steal any other horses expresses this deterrence philosophy.
sanctioned / informal / general / specific
Specific
The observation that essentially all prisoners return to live in free society is called
golden rule of criminology / iron law of imprisonment / beccaria's rule / restorative justice
Iron law of imprisonment
The use of _____ factors is a strategy that allows judges to increase sentences because of special conditions.
aggravating / voluntary / determinate / presumptive
Aggravating
The average time people spend on probation nationwide is about
10 weeks / 22 months / 3yrs / 5yrs
22 Months
In 1990, women were 9 percent of the jail population. By 2014 that percentage had grown to
15% / 27% / 33% / 47%
15%
To be considered of high quality, a program should
sample size between 10-30 / significant differences between treatment and control group / measured as valid but not necessarily reliable / measured as reliable but not necessarily valid
Show significant differences between treatment and control groups.
Applying evidence-based practice techniques in corrections begins with a valid _____ instrument to measure the risk the offender poses and the problem areas that should be emphasized.
assessment
Hanging a horse thief to discourage others from stealing horses expresses this deterrence philosophy.
sanctioned / informal / general / specific
General
One example of sentencing disparity is the _____ representation of minorities in prison.
disproportionate / increasing / decreasing / balanced
Disproportionate
About _____ percent of persons on probation successfully complete that probations.
22 / 51 / 64 / 83
64
Jails configured as ____ facilities are designed with single or multiple occupancy cells aligned along corridors.
podular / linear / elliptical / continuous
Linear