History of Environmental Health
Who is referred to as the "father of occupational medicine", and wrote Disease of Workers" that included descriptions of disease related to specific jobs.
Ramazzini
Case Fatality Rate
What is the degree to which something is poisonous?
Toxicity
What is the weakest of a risk assessment?
Exposure assessment
What principle states that "preventive, anticipator measures... (should) be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment, wildlife, or human health, even if some cause and effects relationships are not fully established."
Precautionary Principle
What was the historical air pollution event in London, December of 1952?
Great Smog of 1952
What are the three factors in the epidemiology triangle?
Agent, host, enviornment
List three of the 4 routes of exposure.
Inhalation, ingestion, skin, injection
List three pieces of information that you can learn from looking at a dose-response curve.
Population or individual curve
Type of effect (adverse, protective, bit of both)
LD50
Threshold dose
How toxic (highly toxic vs not)
Which principal states that people in society irrespective of their racial backgrounds, country of origin, and socioeconomic status?
Environmental Justice
Who wrote "Silent Spring"- which led to a nation-wide ban on DDT.
Rachel Carson
Descriptive
The dose that is actually absorbed by your body is called what?
Absorbed dose
Uncertainty Factors
In December 2, 1970 President Richard Nixon signed an executive order that established what agency?
Environmental Protection Agency
Toxic waste dumping in which neighborhood led to the passage of the Superfund Act in 1977?
Love Canal
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence refers to the occurrence of new disease and prevalence refers to the total number of disease.
True or False: Subacute studies are repeated administration of a drug over time, generally for a short duration (exposure = 1 month or less.
True
What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?
Bioaccumulation: chemicals are taken up faster than they can be eliminated.
Biomagnification is when harmful chemicals become increasingly concentrated as they move through the food web.
Which step in the policy cycle is ◦regarded as the most crucial of the phase of policy development?
Problem definition, formulation, and reformulation
What toxic landfill cite in Kentucky that was a 23-acre toxic landfill containing over 17,000 drums of hazardous waste?
Valley of the drums
List 3 types of bias
Misclassification:
Recall bias:
Interviewer bias:
Screening bias:
Varying procedures in sensitivity
Control selection
Self-Selection
Loss to follow-up
Healthy worker effect
What are systemic effects?
Adverse effects generalized distribution throughout the body.
List the differences between threshold dose, NOAEL, and LOAEL
Threshold dose is the point at which toxicity first appears. NOAEL is the no observed adverse effects level. LOAEL is the lowest observed adverse effects level.
Toxic chemicals are regulated by what act, and which agency is responsible for this regulation?
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) by the EPA