Cardiac Cycle
S4 is most closely associated with this point on an ECG
What is the PQ segment?
This autonomic component is down regulated in orthostatic hypotension
What is SNS?
This embryological structure is responsible for forming the foramen ovale
What is septum secundum?
Laceration of the anterior IV artery is likely to also involve this vessel
What is the great cardiac vein?
Aspirin is a specific anti-inflammatory treatment in atherosclerosis that targets this step of platelet plug formation
What is platelet activation?
This part of the cardiac cycle directly follows the v wave of jugular venous pressure
What is atrial contraction/opening of the AV valves?
These receptors are found on the heart and directly impact SA node function
What are B1 and M2 receptors?
Structures arising from the left 4th pharyngeal pouch receive blood through which structures
What are aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves? (or RV and LV)
Superior innervation to the diaphragm arises from these spinal roots
What is C3-C5 (phrenic n.)?
The missing/defective factor in hemophilia A is a part of this clotting pathway
What is intrinsic pathway? (factor VIII)
Aortic regurgitation will do this to EDV
What is increase?
In a patient with hemorrhage, decreased baroreceptor firing would have this effect on contractility
What is increased?
A congenital heart defect associated with lower limb cyanosis and a "machine-like" murmur is caused by failure of development of this structure
What is ligamentum arteriosum?
This vessel (and its branches) contains a thin tunica externa that includes vasa and nervi vasorum and lymphatics
What is the aorta? (elastic arteries)
Turbulent flow can be attributed to continuous remodeling of this structure seen in atherosclerosis
What is plaque?
Increasing O2 demand has this effect on HR
What is increased HR?
Someone experiencing increased capillary hydrostatic pressure could have increased levels of these substances from the RAAS system
What is renin and aldosterone?
Chordae tendinae are anchored down by a structure that arises from this primitive heart region
What is the primitive ventricle? (becomes trabeculae carnae -> papillary muscles)
Myocytes with less extensive t-tubules and more gap junctions receive innervation from this structure
What is the SA node?
What is vasospasm?
A murmur without an opening snap following S2 is likely to have this effect on venous return
What is decrease venous return? (aortic/pulmonary regurgitation-> decreased SV -> decreased CO = decreased venous return)
Heart failure has this effect on renin
What is inhibit/decrease?
Failure of closure of this embryologic structure can result in pulmonary hypoplasia, scaphoid abdomen, mediastinal shift, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
What are the pericardioperitoneal folds?
A structure with "glycogen halos" around their nuclei are found in this heart layer
What is the endocardium?
Deficiency in this enzyme that regulates anticoagulation by inactivating factor Va and VIIIa causes increased risk of venous thrombosis
What is Protein C?